2H-benzotriazole UV absorders substituted with 1,1-diphenylalkyl groups and compositions stabilized therewith

ABSTRACT

2H-Benzotriazole UV absorbers substituted at the 3-position or at the 5-position of the phenyl ring by a 1,1-diphenylalkyl moiety, particularly a 1,1-diphenylethyl group, are particularly photostable in automotive coatings, and are of low color and exhibit low volatility in thermoplastic compositions.

The instant invention pertains to 2H-benzotriazoles substituted on the phenyl ring at the 3-position or at the 5-position by a 1,1-diphenylalkyl moiety.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

One of the most important classes of UV absorbers are the 2H-benzotriazoles. There are a myriad of patents and other references to these materials and their compositions. Indeed, several of the 2H-benzotriazole UV absorbers have achieved great commercial importance for a host of end-use applications.

Benzotriazole UV absorbers which are substituted at the 5-position of the benzo ring by an electron withdrawing group exhibit enhanced durability and very low loss rates when incorporated into automotive coatings. This is particularly the case when the 3-position of the phenyl ring is also substituted by phenyl or phenylalkyl such as α-cumyl. Compounds where the 5-position of the benzo ring are substituted by perfluoroalkyl such as trifluoromethyl are particularly of interest for both their enhanced durability and for their excellent solubility and excellent color properties in some thermoplastic compositions when the phenyl ring is substituted at the 3-position by hydrogen or tert-alkyl.

It is well known that the stabilization and other physical properties exhibited by the 2H-benzotriazole UV absorbers can be markedly altered depending on the nature and location of the various substituents used to modify the basic 2H-benzotriazole structure. The use of the substituent 1,1-diphenylalkyl (particularly 1,1-diphenylethyl) on the basic benzotriazole molecule is unknown.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,438,142 and D. Kuila et al. in Chemical Materials, 1999 (11), 109 do describe tris(hydroxyphenyl)ethane benzotriazoles as copolymerizable UV absorbers. The product described in these references is 1-[3-(benzotriazol-2-yl)-4-hydroxyphenyl]-1,1-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethane. The purpose of the two hydroxyphenyl groups at the 4position of the hydroxylphenyl ring of the 2H-benzotriazole moiety is to provide reactive hydroxy groups that can be copolymerized into condensation polymer systems to provide a non-migrating UV absorbing moiety. The 4-hydroxyphenyl moieties of these compounds are substituted at the 5-position rather than at the 3-position of the hydroxyphenyl ring of the 2H-benzotriazole molecules. As seen from the discussion above, the exact location of the substituent is important when considerations of long term photostability is concerned.

DETAILED DISCLOSURE

The instant invention pertains to novel benzotriazole UV absorbers having enhanced stability and durability and a low loss rate when incorporated into automotive coatings. These new benzotriazole UV absorbers are also soluble in a variety of substrates including thermoplastic polymers and often are essentially colorless even though absorbing in the 350-390 nm range.

More specifically, the instant invention pertains to new benzotriazole compounds of formula I, II or III

wherein

G₁ is hydrogen or chloro,

G₂ is hydrogen, cyano, perfluoroalkyl of 1 to 12 carbon atoms, halogen, —CO—G₃, —COOG₃, —CONHG₃, —CON(G₃)₂, E₃SO—, E₃SO₂—, nitro, —P(O)(C₆H₅)₂, —P(O)(OG₃)₂,

G₃ is hydrogen, straight or branched chain alkyl of 1 to 24 carbon atoms, straight or branched chain alkenyl of 2 to 18 carbon atoms, cycloalkyl of 5 to 12 carbon atoms, phenylalkyl of 7 to 15 carbon atoms, phenyl, or said phenyl or said phenylalkyl substituted on the phenyl ring by 1 to 4 alkyl of 1 to 4 carbon atoms,

E₁ is hydrogen, straight or branched chain alkyl of 1 to 24 carbon atoms, straight or branched chain alkenyl of 2 to 24 carbon atoms, cycloalkyl of 5 to 12 carbon atoms, phenylalkyl of 7 to 15 carbon atoms, phenyl, or said phenyl or said phenylalkyl substituted on the phenyl ring by 1 to 4 alkyl of 1 to 4 carbon atoms; or E₁ is alkyl of 1 to 24 carbon atoms substituted by one or two hydroxy groups;

or E₁ is alkyl of 1 to 24 carbon atoms, alkenyl of 2 to 18 carbon atoms, said alkyl or said alkenyl substituted by one or more —OCOE₁₁, —OE₄, —NCO, —NHCOE₁₁, or —NE₇E₈, or mixtures thereof, where E₄ is straight or branched chain alkyl of 1 to 24 carbon atoms or straight or branched chain alkenyl of 2 to 18 carbon atoms; or said alkyl or said alkenyl interrupted by one or more —O—, —NH— or —NE₄— groups or mixtures thereof and which can be unsubstituted or substituted by one or more —OH, —OE₄ or —NH₂, or mixtures thereof;

or E₁ is a group of formula IV

 where

E₂₂, E₂₃, E₂₄, E₂₅, E₂₆, E₂₈, E₂₉, E₃₀, E₃₁ and E₃₂ are independently hydrogen, halogen, straight or branched alkyl of 1 to 18 carbon atoms, alkenyl of 2 to 18 carbon atoms, said alkyl or said alkenyl substituted by one or more halogen, —OCOE₁₁, —OE₄, —NCO, —NHCOE₁₁ or —NE₇E₈, or mixtures thereof, where E₄ is straight or branched chain alkyl of 1 to 24 carbon atoms or straight or branched chain alkenyl of 2 to 18 carbon atoms; or said alkyl or said alkenyl interrupted by one or more —O—, —NH— or —NE₄— groups or mixtures thereof and which can be unsubstituted or substituted by one or more —OH, —OE₄ or —NH₂, or mixtures thereof; or

E₂₂, E₂₃, E₂₄, E₂₅, E₂₆, E₂₈, E₂₉, E₃₀, E₃₁ and E₃₂ are independently phenyl, —OH, —OCOE₁₁, —OE₃₃, —NCO, —NHCOE₁₁ or —NE₇E₈, cyano, nitro, perfluoroalkyl of 1 to 12 carbon atoms, —COG₃, —COOG₃, —CON(G₃)₂, —CONHG₃, E₃S—, E₃SO—, E₃SO₂—, —P(O)(C₆H₅)₂, —P(O))OG₃)₂, —SO₂—X₁—E₃₃;

X₁ is —O—, —NH— or —NE₄—;

E₂₇ is alkyl of 1 to 18 carbon atoms, cycloalkyl of 5 to 12 carbon atoms or phenyl,

E₃₃ is straight or branched chain alkyl of 1 to 24 carbon atoms, straight or branched chain alkenyl of 2 to 18 carbon atoms, said alkyl or said alkenyl substituted by one or more —OH, —OCOE₁₁, —OE₄, —NCO, —NHCOE₁₁, —NE₇E₈, phthalimido,

 or mixtures thereof, where E₄ is straight or branched chain alkyl of 1 to 24 carbon atoms or alkenyl of 2 to 18 carbon atoms; or said alkyl or said alkenyl interrupted by one or more —O—, —NH— or —NE₄— groups or mixtures thereof and which can be unsubstituted or substituted by one or more —OH, —OE₄ or —NH₂, or mixtures thereof; or E₃₃ is phenyl or phenylalkyl of 7 to 15 carbon atoms, or said phenyl or said phenylalkyl substituted by one to three alkyl groups of 1 to 4 carbon atoms;

E₂ is straight or branched alkyl chain of 1 to 24 carbon atoms, straight or branched chain alkenyl of 2 to 18 carbon atoms, cycloalkyl of 5 to 12 carbon atoms, phenylalkyl of 7 to 15 carbon atoms, phenyl, or said phenyl or said phenylalkyl substituted on the phenyl ring by one to three alkyl of 1 to 4 carbon atoms; or E₂ is alkyl of 1 to 24 carbon atoms or said alkenyl of 2 to 18 carbon atoms substituted by one or more —OH, —OCOE₁₁, —OE₄, —NCO, —NH₂, —NHCOE₁₁, —NHE₄ or —N(E₄)₂, or mixtures thereof, where E₄ is straight or branched chain alkyl of 1 to 24 carbon atoms; or said alkyl or said alkenyl interrupted by one or more —O—, —NH— or —NE₄— groups or mixtures thereof and which can be unsubstituted or substituted by one or more —OH, —OE₄ or —NH₂ groups or mixtures thereof; or E₂ is a group of formula IV described above;

n is 1 or 2,

when n is 1, E₅ is OE₆ or NE₇E₈, or

E₅ is —PO(OE₁₂)₂, —OSi(E₁₁)₃ or —OCO—E₁₁, or straight or branched chain C₁-C₂₄alkyl which is interrupted by —O—, —S— or —NE₁₁ and which can be unsubstituted or substituted by —OH or —OCO—E₁₁, C₅-C₁₂ cycloalkyl which is unsubstituted or substituted by —OH, straight chain or branched C₂-C₁₈alkenyl which is unsubstituted or substituted by —OH, C₇-C₁₅aralkyl, —CH₂—CHOH—E₁₃ or glycidyl,

E₆ is hydrogen, straight or branched chain C₁-C₂₄alkyl which is unsubstituted or substituted by one or more OH, OE₄ or NH₂ groups, or —OE₆ is —(OCH₂CH₂)_(w)OH or —(OCH₂CH₂)_(w)OE_(21 where w is) 1 to 12 and E₂₁, is alkyl of 1 to 12 carbon atoms,

E₇ and E₈ are independently hydrogen, alkyl of 1 to 18 carbon atoms, straight or branched chain C₃-C₁₈alkyl which is interrupted by —O—, —S— or —NE₁₁—, C₅-C₁₂cycloalkyl, C₆-C₁₄aryl or C₁-C₃hydroxylalkyl, or E₇ and E₈ together are alkylene of 4 to 6 carbon atoms, 3-oxapentamethylene, 3-iminopentamethylene or 3-methyliminopentamethylene, or

E₅ is —X—(Z)_(p)—Y—E₁₅

 wherein

X is —O— or —N(E₁₆)—,

Y is —O— or —N(E₁₇)—,

Z is C₂-C₁₂-alkylene, C₄-C₁₂-alkylene interrupted by one to three nitrogen atoms, oxygen atoms or a mixture thereof, or is C₃-C₁₂-alkylene, butenylene, butynylene, cyclohexylene or phenylene, each substituted by a hydroxyl group,

m is zero, 1 or 2,

p is 1, or p is also zero when X and Y are —N(E₁₆)— and —N(E₁₇)—, respectively,

E₁₅ is a group —CO—(E₁₈)═C(H)E₁₉ or, when Y is —N(E₁₇)—, forms together with E₁₇ a group —CO—CH═CH—CO—, wherein E₁₈ is hydrogen or methyl, and E₁₉ is hydrogen, methyl or —CO—X—E₂₀, wherein E₂₀ is hydrogen, C₁-C₁₂-alkyl or a group of the formula

wherein the symbols E₁, G₂, X, Z, m and p have the meanings defined above, and E₁₆ and E₁₇ independently of one another are hydrogen, C₁-C₁₂-alkyl, C₃-C₁₂-alkyl interrupted by 1 to 3 oxygen atoms, or is cyclohexyl or C₇-C₁₅aralkyl, and E₁₆ together with E₁₇ in the case where Z is ethylene, also forms ethylene,

when n is 2, E₅ is one of divalent radicals —O—E₉—O— or —N(E₁₁)—E₁₀—N(E₁₁)—,

E₉ is C₂-C₈alkylene, C₄-C₈alkenylene, C₄alkynylene, cyclohexylene, straight or branched chain C₄-C₁₀alkylene which is interrupted by —O— or by —CH₂-CHOH—CH₂—O—E₁₄—O—CH₂—CHOH—CH₂—,

E₁₀ being straight or branched chain C₂-C₁₂alkylene which may be interrupted by —O—, cyclohexylene, or

or E₁₀ and E₁₁ with the two nitrogen atoms form a piperazine ring,

E₁₄ is straight or branched chain C₂-C₈alkylene, straight or branched chain C₄-C₁₀alkylene which is interrupted by —O—, cycloalkylene, arylene or

E₁₁ is hydrogen, straight or branched chain C₁-C₁₈alkyl, C₅-C₁₂cycloalkyl, straight or branched chain C₂-C₁₈alkenyl, C₆-C₁₄aryl or C₇-C₁₅aralkyl,

E₁₂ is straight or branched chain C₁-C₁₈alkyl, straight or branched chain C₃-C₁₈alkenyl, C₅-C₁₀alkyl, C₆-C₁₆aryl or C₇-C₁₅aralkyl,

E₁₃ is H, straight chain or branched C₁-C₁₈alkyl which is substituted by —PO(OE₁₂)₂, phenyl which is unsubstituted or substituted by OH, C₇-C₁₅aralkyl or —CH₂OE₁₂,

E₃ is alkyl of 1 to 20 carbon atoms, hydroxyalkyl of 2 to 20 carbon atoms, alkenyl of 3 to 18 carbon atoms, cycloalkyl of 5 to 12 carbon atoms, phenylalkyl of 7 to 15 carbon atoms, aryl of 6 to 10 carbon atoms or said aryl substituted by one or two alkyl of 1 to 4 carbon atoms or 1,1,2,2-tetrahydroperfluoroalkyl where the perfluoroalkyl moiety is of 6 to 16 carbon atoms,

T is —SO—, —SO₂—, —SO—E—SO—, —SO₂—E—SO₂—, —CO—, —CO—CO—, —CO—CH₂—CO—, —CO—E—CO—, —COO—E—OCO— or —CO—NG₅—E—NG₅—CO—,

where E is alkylene of 2 to 12 carbon atoms, cycloalkylene of 5 to 12 carbon atoms, or alkylene interrupted or terminated by cyclohexylene of 8 to 12 carbon atoms;

G₅ is G₃ or hydrogen, and

with the proviso that at least one of E₁ and E₂ must contain a group of formula IV; and

with the further proviso that when E₂₄ and E₃₀ are OH, G₂ is not hydrogen.

Preferably, the new benzotriazole is a compound of formula I

wherein

G₁ is hydrogen,

G₂ is hydrogen, cyano, CF₃—, fluoro, chloro, —CO—G₃, —COOG₃ or E₃SO₂—,

G₃ is straight or branched chain alkyl of 1 to 24 carbon atoms, straight or branched chain alkenyl of 2 to 18 carbon atoms, cycloalkyl of 5 to 12 carbon atoms, phenylalkyl of 7 to 15 carbon atoms, phenyl, or said phenyl or said phenylalkyl substituted on the phenyl ring by 1 to 4 alkyl of 1 to 4 carbon atoms,

E₁ is a group of formula IV wherein E₂₂, E₂₃, E₂₄, E₂₅, E₂₆, E₂₈, E₂₉, E₃₀, E₃₁ and E₃₂ are hydrogen, and E₂₇ is methyl, E₂ is straight or branched alkyl chain of 1 to 24 carbon atoms, straight or branched chain alkenyl of 2 to 18 carbon atoms, cycloalkyl of 5 to 12 carbon atoms, phenylalkyl of 7 to 15 carbon atoms, phenyl, or said phenyl or said phenylalkyl substituted on the phenyl ring by 1 to 3 alkyl of 1 to 4 carbon atoms; or E₂ is said alkyl of 1 to 24 carbon atoms or said alkenyl of 2 to 18 carbon atoms substituted by one or more —OH, —OCOE₁₁, —OE₄, —NCO, —NH₂, —NHCOE₁₁, —NHE₄ or —N(E₄)₂, or mixtures thereof, where E₄ is straight or branched chain alkyl of 1 to 24 carbon atoms; or said alkyl or said alkenyl interrupted by one or more —O—, —NH— or —NE₄— groups or mixtures thereof and which can be unsubstituted or substituted by one or more —H, —OE₄ or —NH₂ groups or mixtures thereof, or E₂ is a group of formula IV wherein E₂₂, E₂₃, E₂₄, E₂₅, E₂₆, E₂₈, E₂₉, E₃₀, E₃₁, and E₃₂ are hydrogen, alkyl of 1 to 12 carbon atoms, straight or branched chain alkenyl of 2 to 18 carbon atoms, OH, cyano, —OE₃₃, chloro, fluoro, —OCOE₁₁, CF₃, —COOG₃, E₃S—, E₃SO₂— or —SO₂—NH—E₃₃; and E₂₇ is methyl,

E₃ is alkyl of 1 to 20 carbon atoms, hydroxyalkyl of 2 to 20 carbon atoms, alkenyl of 3 to 18 carbon atoms, cycloalkyl of 5 to 12 carbon atoms, phenylalkyl of 7 to 15 carbon atoms, aryl of 6 to 10 carbon atoms or said aryl substituted by one or two alkyl of 1 to 4 carbon atoms or 1,1,2,2-tetrahydroperfluoroalkyl where the perfluoroalkyl moiety is of 6 to 16 carbon atoms; and

wherein E₁₁ and E₃₃ are as defined above.

Most preferably, the instant compounds of formula I are

(a) 2-[2-hydroxy-3-(1,1-diphenylethyl)-5-tert-butylphenyl]-2H-benzotriazole;

(b) 5-chloro-2-[2-hydroxy-3-(1,1-diphenylethyl)-5-tert-butylphenyl]-2H-benzo-triazole; or

(c) 5-trifluoromethyl-2-[2-hydroxy-3-(1,1-diphenylethyl)-5-tert-octylphenyl]-2H-benzotriazole.

The instant invention also pertains to a composition stabilized which comprises

(a) an organic material subject to degradation by heat, light or oxygen, and

(b) an effective stabilizing amount of a compound of formula I, II or III as described above.

Preferably, the organic material is a natural, semi-synthetic or synthetic polymer, especially a thermoplastic polymer.

Most preferably, the polymer is a polyolefin or polycarbonate, especially polyethylene or polypropylene; most especially polypropylene; or the polymer is a styrenic, ABS, a nylon, a polyester such as poly(ethylene terephthalate) or poly(butylene terephthalate), a polyurethane, an acrylate, a rubber modified styrenic, poly(vinyl chloride), poly(vinyl butyral), polyacetal (polyoxymethylene), poly(ethylene naphthalenedicarboxylate), or other blends or copolymers such as poly(ethylene/1,4-cyclohexylenedimethylene terephthalate) PETG or an ionomer as described on page 29.

In another preferred embodiment of the instant invention, the organic material is a resin selected from the group consisting of a thermoset acrylic melamine resin, an acrylic urethane resin, an epoxy carboxy resin, a silane modified acrylic melamine, an acrylic resin with carbamate pendant groups crosslinked with melamine or an acrylic polyol resin crosslinked with melamine containing carbamate groups.

Most preferably, the resin is a thermoset acrylic melamine resin or an acrylic urethane resin.

In yet another preferred embodiment of the instant invention, the organic material is a recording material.

The recording materials according to the invention are suitable for pressure-sensitive copying systems, photocopying systems using microcapsules, heat-sensitive copying systems, photographic materials and ink jet printing.

The recording materials according to the invention are distinguished by an unexpected improvement in quality, especially with regard to the fastness to light.

The recording materials according to the invention have the construction known for the particular use. They consist of a customary carrier, for example, paper or plastic film, which has been coated with one or more layers. Depending on the type of material, these layers contain the appropriate necessary components, in the case of photographic materials, for example, silver halide emulsions, dye couplers, dyes and the like. Material particularly suitable for ink jet printing has a layer particularly absorptive for ink on a customary carrier. Uncoated paper can also be employed for ink jet printing. In this case the paper acts at the same time as the carrier material and as the ink-absorbent layer. Suitable material for ink jet printing is, for example, described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,073,448 which is incorporated herein by reference.

The recording material can also be transparent as, for example, in the case of projection films.

The compounds of formula I, II or III can be incorporated into the carder material as early as the production of the latter, in the production of paper, for example, being added to the paper pulp. A second method of application is to spray the carder material with an aqueous solution of compounds of formula I, II or III or to add the compounds to the coating composition.

Coating compositions intended for transparent recording materials suitable for projection cannot contain any particles which scatter light, such as pigments and fillers.

The dye-binding coating composition can contain a number of other additives, for example, antioxidants, light stabilizers (including also UV absorbers which do not fall under the scope of the UV absorbers of this invention), viscosity improvers, fluorescent brighteners, biocides and/or antistatic agents.

The coating composition is usually prepared as follows: the water-soluble components, for example, the binder, are dissolved in water and stirred together; the solid components, for example, fillers and other additives already described, are dispersed in this aqueous medium; and disperison is advantageously carried out by means of devices, for example, ultrasonic systems, turbine stirrers, homogenizers, colloid mills, bead mills, sand mills, high-speed stirrers and the like. The compounds of formula 1, II or III can be easily incorporated into the coating composition.

The recording material according to this invention preferably contains 1 to 5000 mg/m² in particular 50-1200 mg/m², of a compound of formula I, II or III.

As already mentioned, the recording materials according to the invention embrace a wide field. The compounds of formula I, II or III can, for example, be employed in pressure-sensitive copying systems. They can be introduced either into the paper in order to protect the microencapsulated dye precursors there from light, or into the binder of the developer layer in order to protect the dyes formed there.

Photocopying systems using light-sensitive microcapsules which are developed by means of pressure are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,416,966; 4,483,912; 4,352,200; 4,535,050; 4,535,463; 4,551,407; 4,562,137 and 4,608,330; and also in EP-A 139,479; EP-A 162,664; EP-A 164,931; EP-A 237,024; EP-A 237,025 and EP-A 260,129. In all these systems, the compounds can be put into the dye-receiving layer. The compounds can, however, also be put into the donor layer in order to protect the color formers from light.

Photographic materials which can be stabilized are photographic dyes and layers containing such dyes or precursors thereof, for example, photographic paper and films. Suitable materials are, for example, described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,364,749 which is incorporated herein by reference. The compounds of formula I, II or III act here as a UV filter against electrostatic flashes. In color photographic materials, couplers and dyes are also protected against photochemical decomposition.

The instant compounds can be used for all types of color photographic materials. For example, they can be employed for color paper, color reversal paper, direct-positive color material, color negative film, color positive film, color reversal film and the like. They are preferably used inter alia for photographic color material which contains a reversal substrate or form positives.

Color-photographic recording materials usually contain, on a support, a blue-sensitive and/or a green-sensitive and/or a red-sensitive silver halide emulsion layer and, if desired, a protection layer, with the instant compounds being, preferably, either in the green-sensitive or the red-sensitive layer or in a layer between the green-sensitive and the red-sensitive layer or in a layer on top of the silver halide emulsion layers.

The compounds of formula I, II or III can also be employed in recording materials based on the principles of photopolymerization, photoplasticization or the rupture of microcapsules, or in cases where heat-sensitive and light-sensitive diazonium salts, leuko dyes having an oxidizing agent or dye lactones having Lewis acids are used.

Furthermore, the instant compounds can be employed in recording materials for dye diffusion transfer printing, thermal wax transfer printing and non-matrix printing and for use with electrostatic, electrographic, electrophoretic, magnetographic and laser-electrophotographic printers and pen-plotters. Of the above, recording materials for dye diffusion transfer printing are preferred, for example, as described in EP-A 507,734.

The instant compounds can also be employed in inks, preferably for ink jet printing, for example, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,098,477 which is incorporated herein by reference.

The instant compounds also are effective in the protection of dyes present in candle wax from premature degradation and fading.

The instant compounds of formula I, II or III are also useful in adhesives used in solar films, optical films and other laminated structures against the adverse effects of ultraviolet light and actinic radiation.

The compounds of this invention exhibit superior hydrolytic stability, handling and storage stability as well as good resistance to extractability when present in a stabilized composition.

The methodology to make the instant compounds is described in the prior art. The intermediates needed to make the instant compounds are largely items of commerce.

Preferred compounds are those in which one of X and Y is —O—; and particularly those in which both X and Y are —O—.

In general polymers which can be stabilized include

1. Polymers of monoolefins and diolefins, for example polypropylene, polyisobutylene, polybut-1-ene, poly-4methylpent-1-ene, polyisoprene or polybutadiene, as well as polymers of cycloolefins, for instance of cyclopentene or norbornene, polyethylene (which optionally can be crosslinked), for example high density polyethylene (HDPE), low density polyethylene (LDPE), linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE), branched low density polyethylene (BLDPE).

Polyolefins, i.e. the polymers of monoolefins exemplified in the preceding paragraph, preferably polyethylene and polypropylene, can be prepared by different, and especially by the following, methods:

a) radical polymerisation (normally under high pressure and at elevated temperature).

b) catalytic polymerisation using a catalyst that normally contains one or more than one metal of groups IVb, Vb, VIb or VIII of the Periodic Table. These metals usually have one or more than one ligand, typically oxides, halides, alcoholates, esters, ethers, amines, alkyls, alkenyls and/or aryls that may be either π- or σ-coordinated. These metal complexes may be in the free form or fixed on substrates, typically on activated magnesium chloride, titanium(II) chloride, alumina or silicon oxide. These catalysts may be soluble or insoluble in the polymerisation medium. The catalysts can be used by themselves in the polymerisation or further activators may be used, typically metal alkyls, metal hydrides, metal alkyl halides, metal alkyl oxides or metal alkyloxanes, said metals being elements of groups Ia, IIa and/or IIIa of the Periodic Table. The activators may be modified conveniently with further ester, ether, amine or silyl ether groups. These catalyst systems are usually termed Phillips, Standard Oil Indiana, Ziegler (-Natta), TNZ (DuPont), metallocene or single site catalysts (SSC).

2. Mixtures of the polymers mentioned under 1), for example mixtures of polypropylene with polyisobutylene, polypropylene with polyethylene (for example PP/HDPE, PP/LDPE) and mixtures of different types of polyethylene (for example LDPE/HDPE).

3. Copolymers of monoolefins and diolefins with each other or with other vinyl monomers, for example ethylene/propylene copolymers, linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) and mixtures thereof with low density polyethylene (LDPE), propylene/but-1-ene copolymers, propylene/isobutylene copolymers, ethylene/but-1-ene copolymers, ethylene/hexene copolymers, ethylene/methylpentene copolymers, ethylene/heptene copolymers, ethylene/octene copolymers, propylene/butadiene copolymers, isobutylene/isoprene copolymers, ethylene/alkyl acrylate copolymers, ethylene/alkyl methacrylate copolymers, ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymers and their copolymers with carbon monoxide or ethylene/acrylic acid copolymers and their salts (ionomers) as well as terpolymers of ethylene with propylene and a diene such as hexadiene, dicyclopentadiene or ethylidene-norbornene; and mixtures of such copolymers with one another and with polymers mentioned in 1) above, for example polypropylene/ethylene-propylene copolymers, LDPE/ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers (EVA), LDPE/ethylene-acrylic acid copolymers (EAA), LLDPE/EVA, LLDPE/EAA and alternating or random polyalkylene/carbon monoxide copolymers and mixtures thereof with other polymers, for example polyamides.

4. Hydrocarbon resins (for example C₅-C₉) including hydrogenated modifications thereof (e.g. tackifiers) and mixtures of polyalkylenes and starch.

5. Polystyrene, poly(p-methylstyrene), poly(α-methylstyrene).

6. Copolymers of styrene or a-methylstyrene with dienes or acrylic derivatives, for example styrene/butadiene, styrene/acrylonitrile, styrene/alkyl methacrylate, styrene/butadiene/alkyl acrylate, styrene/butadiene/alkyl methacrylate, styrene/maleic anhydride, styrene/acrylonitrile/methyl acrylate; mixtures of high impact strength of styrene copolymers and another polymer, for example a polyacrylate, a diene polymer or an ethylene/propylene/diene terpolymer, and block copolymers of styrene such as styrene/butadiene/styrene, styrene/isoprene/styrene, styrene/ethylene/butylene/styrene or styrene/ethylene/propylene/styrene.

7. Graft copolymers of styrene or α-methylstyrene, for example styrene on polybutadiene, styrene on polybutadiene-styrene or polybutadiene-acrylonitrile copolymers; styrene and acrylonitrile (or methacrylonitrile) on polybutadiene; styrene, acrylonitrile and methyl methacrylate on polybutadiene; styrene and maleic anhydride on polybutadiene; styrene, acrylonitrile and maleic anhydride or maleimide on polybutadiene; styrene and maleimide on polybutadiene; styrene and alkyl acrylates or methacrylates on polybutadiene; styrene and acrylonitrile on ethylene/propylene/diene terpolymers; styrene and acrylonitrile on polyalkyl acrylates or polyalkyl methacrylates, styrene and acrylonitrile on acrylate/butadiene copolymers, as well as mixtures thereof with the copolymers listed under 6), for example the copolymer mixtures known as ABS, MBS, ASA or AES polymers.

8. Halogen-containing polymers such as polychloroprene, chlorinated rubbers, chlorinated or sulfochlorinated polyethylene, copolymers of ethylene and chlorinated ethylene, epichlorohydrin homo- and copolymers, especially polymers of halogen-containing vinyl compounds, for example polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidene chloride, polyvinyl fluoride, polyvinylidene fluoride, as well as copolymers thereof such as vinyl chloride/vinylidene chloride, vinyl chloride/vinyl acetate or vinylidene chloride/vinyl acetate copolymers.

9. Polymers derived from α,β-unsaturated acids and derivatives thereof such as polyacrylates and polymethacrylates; polymethyl methacrylates, polyacrylamides and polyacrylonitriles, impact-modified with butyl acrylate.

10. Copolymers of the monomers mentioned under 9) with each other or with other unsaturated monomers, for example acrylonitrile/butadiene copolymers, acrylonitrile/alkyl acrylate copolymers, acrylonitrile/alkoxyalkyl acrylate or acrylonitrile/vinyl halide copolymers or acrylonitrile/alkyl methacrylatelbutadiene terpolymers.

11. Polymers derived from unsaturated alcohols and amines or the acyl derivatives or acetals thereof, for example polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl stearate, polyvinyl benzoate, polyvinyl maleate, polyvinyl butyral, polyallyl phthalate or polyallyl melamine; as well as their copolymers with olefins mentioned in 1) above.

12. Homopolymers and copolymers of cyclic ethers such as polyalkylene glycols, polyethylene oxide, polypropylene oxide or copolymers thereof with bisglycidyl ethers.

13. Polyacetals such as polyoxymethylene and those polyoxymethylenes which contain ethylene oxide as a comonomer; polyacetals modified with thermoplastic polyurethanes, acrylates or MBS.

14. Polyphenylene oxides and sulfides, and mixtures of polyphenylene oxides with styrene polymers or polyamides.

15. Polyurethanes derived from hydroxyl-terminated polyethers, polyesters or polybutadienes on the one hand and aliphatic or aromatic polyisocyanates on the other, as well as precursors thereof.

16. Polyamides and copolyamides derived from diamines and dicarboxylic acids and/or from aminocarboxylic acids or the corresponding lactams, for example polyamide 4, polyamide 6, polyamide 6/6, 6/10, 6/9, 6/12, 4/6, 12/12, polyamide 11, polyamide 12, aromatic polyamides starting from m-xylene diamine and adipic acid; polyamides prepared from hexamethylenediamine and isophthalic or/and terephthalic acid and with or without an elastomer as modifier, for example poly-2,4,4-trimethylhexamethylene terephthalamide or poly-m-phenylene isophthalamide; and also block copolymers of the aforementioned polyamides with polyolefins, olefin copolymers, ionomers or chemically bonded or grafted elastomers; or with polyethers, e.g. with polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol or polytetramethylene glycol; as well as polyamides or copolyamides modified with EPDM or ABS; and polyamides condensed during processing (RIM polyamide systems).

17. Polyureas, polyimides, polyamide-imides and polybenzimidazoles.

18. Polyesters derived from dicarboxylic acids and diols and/or from hydroxycarboxylic acids or the corresponding lactones, for example polyethylene terephthalate, polybutylene terephthalate, poly-1,4-dimethylolcyclohexane terephthalate and polyhydroxybenzoates, as well as block copolyether esters derived from hydroxyl-terminated polyethers; and also polyesters modified with polycarbonates or MBS.

19. Polycarbonates and polyester carbonates.

20. Polysulfones, polyether sulfones and polyether ketones.

21. Crosslinked polymers derived from aldehydes on the one hand and phenols, ureas and melamines on the other hand, such as phenol/formaldehyde resins, urea/formaldehyde resins and melamine/formaldehyde resins.

22. Drying and non-drying alkyd resins.

23. Unsaturated polyester resins derived from copolyesters of saturated and unsaturated dicarboxylic acids with polyhydric alcohols and vinyl compounds as crosslinking agents, and also halogen-containing modifications thereof of low flammability.

24. Crosslinkable acrylic resins derived from substituted acrylates, for example epoxy acrylates, urethane acrylates or polyester acrylates.

25. Alkyd resins, polyester resins and acrylate resins crosslinked with melamine resins, urea resins, polyisocyanates or epoxy resins.

26. Crosslinked epoxy resins derived from polyepoxides, for example from bisglycidyl ethers or from cycloaliphatic diepoxides.

27. Natural polymers such as cellulose, rubber, gelatin and chemically modified homologous derivatives thereof, for example cellulose acetates, cellulose propionates and cellulose butyrates, or the cellulose ethers such as methyl cellulose; as well as rosins and their derivatives.

28. Blends of the aforementioned polymers (polyblends), for example PP/EPDM, Polyamide/EPDM or ABS, PVC/EVA, PVC/ABS, PVC/MBS, PC/ABS, PBTP/ABS, PC/ASA, PC/PBT, PVC/CPE, PVC/acrylates, POM/thermoplastic PUR, PC/thermoplastic PUR, POM/acrylate, POM/MBS, PPO/HIPS, PPO/PA 6.6 and copolymers, PA/HDPE, PA/PP, PA/PPO.

29. Naturally occurring and synthetic organic materials which are pure monomeric compounds or mixtures of such compounds, for example mineral oils, animal and vegetable fats, oil and waxes, or oils, fats and waxes based on synthetic esters (e.g. phthalates, adipates, phosphates or trimellitates) and also mixtures of synthetic esters with mineral oils in any weight ratios, typically those used as spinning compositions, as well as aqueous emulsions of such materials.

30. Aqueous emulsions of natural or synthetic rubber, e.g. natural latex or latices of carboxylated styrene/butadiene copolymers.

31. Polysiloxanes such as the soft, hydrophilic polysiloxanes described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,259,467; and the hard polyorganosiloxanes described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,355,147.

32. Polyketimines in combination with unsaturated acrylic polyacetoacetate resins or with unsaturated acrylic resins. The unsaturated acrylic resins include the urethane acrylates, polyether acrylates, vinyl or acryl copolymers with pendant unsaturated groups and the acrylated melamines. The polyketimines are prepared from polyamines and ketones in the presence of an acid catalyst.

33. Radiation curable compositions containing ethylenically unsaturated monomers or oligomers and a polyunsaturated aliphatic. oligomer.

34. Epoxymelamine resins such as light-stable epoxy resins crosslinked by an epoxy functional coetherified high solids melamine resin such as LSE-4103 (Monsanto).

In general, the compounds of the present invention are employed in from about 0.01 to about 5% by weight of the stabilized composition, although this will vary with the particular substrate and application. An advantageous range is from about 0.05 to about 3%, and especially 0.05 to about 1%. However, some high performance films or in UV absorbing layers of laminates such as those produced by coextrusion may contain from 5-15% by weight of the instant compounds. Concentrations of 5-10% by weight are typical in certain coextrusion applications.

The stabilizers of the instant invention may readily be incorporated into the organic polymers by conventional techniques, at any convenient stage prior to the manufacture of shaped articles therefrom. For example, the stabilizer may be mixed with the polymer in dry powder form, or a suspension or emulsion of the stabilizer may be mixed with a solution, suspension, or emulsion of the polymer. The resulting stabilized polymer compositions of the invention may optionally also contain from about 0.01 to about 5%, preferably from about 0.025 to about 2%, and especially from about 0.1 to about 1% by weight of various conventional additives, such as the materials listed below, or mixtures thereof.

1. ANTIOXIDANTS 1.1. Alkylated Monophenols, for Example

2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol

2-tert-butyl-4,6-dimethylphenol

2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-ethylphenol

2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-n-butylphenol

2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-i-butylphenol

2,6-di-cyclopentyl-4-methylphenol

2-(α-methylcyclohexyl)-4,6-dimethylphenol

2,6-di-octadecyl-4-methylphenol

2,4,6-tri-cyclohexylphenol

2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methoxymethylphenol

1.2. Alkylated Hydroquinones, for Example

2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methoxyphenol

2,5-di-tert-butyl-hydroquinone

2,5-di-tert-amyl-hydroquinone

2,6-diphenyl-4-octadecyloxyphenol

1.3. Hydroxylated Thiodiphenyl Ethers, for Example

2,2′-thio-bis-(6-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol)

2,2′-thio-bis-(4octylphenol)

4,4′-thio-bis-(6-tert-butyl-3-methylphenol)

4,4′-thio-bis-(6tert-butyl-2-methylphenol)

1.4. Alkylidene-bisphenols, for Example

2,2′-methylene-bis-(6-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol)

2,2′-methylene-bis-(6-tert-butyl-4-ethylphenol)

2,2′-methylene-bis-[4-methyl-6-(α-methylcyclohexyl)-phenol]

2,2′-methylene-bis-(4-methyl-6-cyclohexylphenol)

2,2′-methylene-bis-(6-nonyl-4-methylphenol)

2,2′-methylene-bis-[6-(α-methylbenzyl)-4-nonylphenol]

2,2′-methylene-bis-[6-(α,α-dimethylbenzyl)-4-nonylphenol]

2,2′-methylene-bis-(4,6-di-tert-butylphenol)

2,2′-ethylidene-bis-(4,6-di-tert-butylphenol)

2,2′-ethylidene-bis-(6-tert-butyl-4-isobutylphenol)

4,4′-methylene-bis-(2,6-di-tert-butylphenol)

4,4′-methylene-bis-(6-tert-butyl-2-methylphenol)

1,1-bis-(5-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-2-methylphenyl)-butane

2,6-di-(3-tert-butyl-5-methyl-2-hydroxybenzyl)-4-methylphenol

1,1,3-tis-(5-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-2-methylphenyl)-butane

1,1-bis-(5-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-2-methylphenyl)-3-n-dodecylmercaptobutane

ethyleneglycol bis-[3,3-bis-(3′-tert-butyl-4′-hydroxyphenyl)-butyrate]

di-(3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-5-methylphenyl)-dicyclopentadiene

di-[2-(3′-tert-butyl-2′-hydroxy-5′-methyl-benzyl)-6-tert-butyl-4-methylphenyl] terephthalate.

1.5. Benzyl Compounds, for Example

1,3,5-tri-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)-2,4,6-trimethylbenzene

di-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl) sulfide

3,5-di-tert-butyl-hydroxybenzyl-mercapto-acetic acid isooctyl ester

bis-(4-tert-butyl-3-hydroxy-2,6-dimethylbenzyl)dithiol terephthalate

1,3,5-tris-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl) isocyanurate

1,3,5-tris-(4tert-butyl-3-hydroxy-2,6-dimethylbenzyl) isocyanurate

3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl-phosphoric acid dioctadecyl ester

3,5-di-tert-butyl4-hydroxybenzyl-phosphoric acid monoethyl ester, calcium-salt

1.6. Acylaminophenols, for Example

4-hydroxy-lauric acid anilide

4-hydroxy-stearic acid anilide

2,4-bis-octylmercapto-6-(3,5-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanilino)-s-triazine

octyl-N-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)-carbamate

1.7. Esters of β-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)-propionic Acid with Monohydric or Polyhydric Alcohols, for Example

methanol diethylene glycol octadecanol triethylene glycol 1,6-hexanediol pentaerythritol neopentyl glycol tris-hydroxyethyl isocyanurate thiodiethylene glycol di-hydroxyethyl oxalic acid diamide triethanolamine triisopropanolamine

1.8. Esters of β-(5-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-3-methylphenyl)-propionic Acid with Monohydric or Polyhydric Alcohols, for Example

methanol diethylene glycol octadecanol triethylene glycol 1,6-hexanediol pentaerythritol neopentyl glycol tris-hydroxyethyl isocyanurate thiodiethylene glycol di-hydroxyethyl oxalic acid diamide triethanolamine triisopropanolamine

1.9. Amides of β-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)-propionic Acid for Example

N,N′-di-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenylpropionyl)-hexamethylenediamine

N,N′-di-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenylpropionyl)-trimethylenediamine

N,N′-di-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenylpropionyl)-hydrazine

1.10 Diarylamines, for Example

diphenylamine, N-phenyl-1-naphthylamine, N-(4-tert-octylphenyl)-1-naphthylamine,

4,4′-di-tert-octyl-diphenylamine, reaction product of N-phenylbenzylamine and

2,4,4-trimethylpentene, reaction product of diphenylamine and 2,4,4-trimethylpentene, reaction product of N-phenyl-1-naphthylamine and 2,4,4-trimethylpentene.

2. UV ABSORBERS AND LIGHT STABILIZERS

2.1. 2-(2′-Hydroxyphenyl)-benzotriazoles, for example, the 5′-methyl-, 3′,5′-di-tert-butyl-, 5′-tert-butyl-, 5′-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)-, 5-chloro-3′,5′-di-tert-butyl-, 5-chloro-3′-tert-butyl-5′-methyl-, 3′-sec-butyl-5′-tert-butyl-, 4′-octoxy, 3′,5′-di-tert-amyl-, 3′,5′-bis-(α,α-dimethylbenzyl), 3′-tert-butyl-5′-(2-(omega-hydroxy-octa-(ethyleneoxy)carbonyl-ethyl)-, 3′-dodecyl-5 ′-methyl-, and 3′-tert-butyl-5′-(2-octyloxycarbonyl)ethyl-, and dodecylated-5′-methyl derivatives.

2.2. 2-Hydroxy-benzophenones, for example, the 4-hydroxy-, 4-methoxy-, 4-octoxy, 4-decyloxy-, 4-dodecyloxy-, 4-benzyloxy, 4,2′,4′-trihydroxy- and 2′-hydroxy-4,4′-dimethoxy derivatives.

2.3. Esters of optionally substituted benzoic acids for example, phenyl salicylate, 4-tert-butylphenyl salicylate, octylphenyl salicylate, dibenzoylresorcinol, bis-(4-tert-butylbenzoyl)-resorcinol, benzoylresorcinol, 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzoic acid 2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl ester and 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzoic acid hexadecyl ester.

2.4. Acrylates, for example, α-cyano-β,β-diphenylacrylic acid ethyl ester or isooctyl ester, α-carbomethoxy-cinnamic acid methyl ester, α-cyano-β-methyl-β-methoxy-cinnamic acid methyl ester or butyl ester, α-carbomethoxy-p-methoxy-cinnamic acid methyl ester, N-(β-carbomethoxy-β-cyanovinyl)-2-methyl-indoline.

2.5. Nickel compounds, for example, nickel complexes of 2,2′-thio-bis-[4(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)-phenol], such as the 1:1 or 1:2 complex, optionally with additional ligands such as n-butylamine, triethanolamine or N-cyclohexyl-diethanolamine, nickel dibutyldithiocarbamate, nickel salts of 4-hydroxy-3,5-di-tert-butylbenzylphosphonic acid monoalkyl esters, such as of the methyl, ethyl or butyl ester, nickel complexes of ketoximes such as of 2-hydroxy-4-methyl-phenyl undecyl ketoxime, nickel complexes of 1-phenyl-4-lauroyl-5-hydroxy-pyrazole, optionally with additional ligands.

2.6. Sterically hindered amines, for example bis-(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidyl) sebacate, bis-(1,2,2,6,6-pentamethylpiperidyl) sebacate, n-butyl-3,5-di-tert.butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl malonic acid bis-(1,2,2,6,6-pentanemethylpiperidyl)ester, condensation product of 1-hydroxyethyl-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-hydroxypiperidine and succinic acid, condensation product of N,N′-(2,2,6,6-tetra-methylpiperidyl)-hexamethylenediamine and 4-tert-octylamino-2,6-dichloro-s-triazine, tris-(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidyl)-nitrilotriacetate, tetrakis-(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidyl) 1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylate, 1,1′(1,2-ethanediyl)-bis-(3,3,5,5-tetramethylpiperazinone), bis(1-octyloxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl) sebacate, 1-(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropoxy)-4-octa-decanoyloxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine.

2.7. Oxalic acid diamides, for example, 4,4′-di-octyloxy-oxanilide, 2,2′-di-octyloxy-5,5′-di-tert-butyl-oxanilide, 2,2′-di-dodecyloxy-5,5′-di-tert-butyl-oxanilide, 2-ethoxy-2′-ethyl-oxanilide, N,N′-bis (3-dimethylaminopropyl)-oxalamide, 2-ethoxy-5-tert-butyl-2′-ethyloxanilide and its mixture with 2-ethoxy-2′-ethyl-5,4′-di-tert-butyloxanilide and mixtures of ortho- and para-methoxy- as well as of o- and p-ethoxy-disubstituted oxanilides.

2.8. Hydroxyphenyl-s-triazines, for example 2,6-bis-(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-4-(2-hydroxy-4-octyloxyphenyl)-s-triazine; 2,6-bis-(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-4-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-s-triazine; 2,4-bis(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-6-(4-chlorophenyl)-s-triazine; 2,4-bis[2-hydroxy-4-(2-hydroxy-ethoxy)phenyl]-6-(4-chlorophenyl)-s-triazine; 2,4-bis[2-hydroxy-4-(2-hydroxy-4-(2-hydroxyethoxy)phenyl]-6-(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-s-triazine; 2,4-bis[2-hydroxy-4-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-phenyl]-6(4-bromophenyl)-s-triazine; 2,4-bis[2-hydroxy-4-(2-acetoxyethoxy)phenyl]-6-(4-cphenyl)-s-triazine, 2,4-bis(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-6-(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-s-triazine.

3. Metal deactivators, for example, N,N′-diphenyloxalic acid diamide, N-salicylal-N′-salicyloyl-hydrazine, N,N′-bis-salicyloylhydrazine, N,N′-bis-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenylpropionyl)-hydrazine, 3-salicyloylamino-1,2,4-triazole, bis-benzylidene-oxalic acid dihydrazide.

4. Phosphites and phosphonites, for example, triphenyl phosphite, diphenylalkyl phosphites, phenyldialkyl phosphites, tri-(nonylphenyl) phosphite, trilauryl phosphite, trioctadecyl phosphite, di-stearyl-pentaerythritol diphosphite, tris-(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphite, di-isodecyl-pentaerythritol diphosphite, di-(2,4,6-tri-tert-butylphenyl)-pentaerythritol diphosphite, di-(2,4-di-tert-butyl-6-methylphenyl)-pentaerythritol diphosphite, di-(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl)pentaerythritol diphosphite, tristearyl-sorbitol triphosphite, tetrakis-(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) 4,4′-diphenylylenediphosphonite.

5. Compounds which destroy peroxide, for example, esters of β-thiodipropionic acid, for example the lauryl, stearyl, myristyl or tridecyl esters, mercapto-benzimidazole or the zinc salt of 2-mercaptobenzimidazole, zinc dibutyl-dithiocarbamate, dioctadecyl disulfide, pentaerythritol tetrakis-(β-dodecylmercapto)-propionate.

6. Hydroxylamines, for example, N,N-dibenzylhydroxylamine, N,N-diethylhydroxylamine, N,N-dioctylhydroxylamine, N,N-dilaurylhydroxylamine, N,N-ditetradecylhydroxylamine, N,N-dihexadecylhydroxylamine, N,N-dioctadecylhydroxylamine, N-hexadecyl-N-octadecyl-hydroxylamine, N-heptadecyl-N-octadecylhydroxylamine, N,N-dialkylhydroxylamine derived from hydrogenated tallow amine.

7. Nitrones, for example, N-benzyl-alpha-phenyl nitrone, N-ethyl-alpha-methyl nitrone, N-octyl-alpha-heptyl nitrone, N-lauryl-alpha-undecyl nitrone, N-tetradecyl-alpha-tridecyl nitrone, N-hexadecyl-alpha-pentadecyl nitrone, N-octadecyl-alpha-heptadecylnitrone, N-hexadecyl-alpha-heptadecyl nitrone, N-octadecyl-alpha-pentadecyl nitrone, N-heptadecyl-alpha-heptadecyl nitrone, N-octadecyl-alpha-hexadecyl nitrone, nitrone derived from N,N-dialkylhydroxylamine derived from hydrogenated tallow amine.

8. Polyamide stabilizers, for example copper salts in combination with iodides and/or phosphorus compounds and salts of divalent manganese.

9. Basic co-stabilizers, for example, melamine, polyvinylpyrrolidone, dicyandiamide, triallyl cyanurate, urea derivatives, hydrazine derivatives, amines, polyamides, polyurethanes, alkali metal salts and alkaline earth metal salts of higher fatty acids for example Ca stearate, Zn stearate, Mg stearate, Na ricinoleate and K palmitate, antimony pyrocatecholate or zinc pyrocatecholate.

10. Nucleating agents, for example, 4-tert-butyl-benzoic acid, adipic acid, diphenylacetic acid.

11. Fillers and reinforcing agents, for example, calcium carbonate, silicates, glass fibers, asbestos, talc, kaolin, mica, barium sulfate, metal oxides and hydroxides, carbon black, graphite.

12. Other additives, for example, plasticizers, lubricants, emulsifiers, pigments, optical brighteners, flameproofing agents, anti-static agents, blowing agents and thiosynergists such as dilauryl thiodipropionate or distearyl thiodipropionate.

13. Benzofuranones and indolinones, for example those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,325,863, U.S. Pat. No. 4,338,244 or U.S. Pat. No. 5,175,312, or 3-[4-(2-acetoxyethoxy)phenyl]-5,7-di-tert-butyl-benzo-furan-2-one, 5,7-di-tert-butyl-3-[4-(2-stearoyloxyethoxy)phenyl]benzofuran-2-one, 3,3′-bis[5,7-di-tert-butyl-3-(4-[2-hydroxyethoxy]phenyl)benzofuran-2-one], 5,7-di-tert-butyl-3-(4-ethoxyphenyl)-benzofuran-2-one, 3-(4-acetoxy-3,5-dimethylphenyl)-5,7-di-tert-butyl-benzofuran-2-one, 3-(3,5-di-methyl-4-pivaloyloxyphenyl)-5,7-di-tert-butyl-benzofuran-2-one.

The co-stabilizers, with the exception of the benzofuranones listed under 13, are added for example in concentrations of 0.01 to 10%, relative to the total weight of the material to be stabilized.

Further preferred compositions comprise, in addition to components (a) and (b) further additives, in particular phenolic antioxidants, light stabilizers or processing stabilizers.

Particularly preferred additives are phenolic antioxidants (item 1 of the list), sterically hindered amines (item 2.6 of the list), phosphites and phosphonites (item 4 of the list), UV absorbers (item 2 of the list) and peroxide-destroying compounds (item 5 of the list).

Additional additives (stabilizers) which are also particularly preferred are benzofuran-2-ones, such as described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,325,863, U.S. Pat. No. 4,338,244 or U.S. Pat. No. 5,175,312.

The phenolic antioxidant of particular interest is selected from the group consisting of n-octadecyl 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyhydrocinnamate, neopentanetetrayl tetrakis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyhydrocinammate), di-n-octadecyl 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzylphosphonate, 1,3,5-tris(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4hydroxybenzyl)isocyanurate, thiodiethylene bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyhydrocinnamate), 1,3,5-trimethyl-2,4,6-tris(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-benzyl)benzene, 3,6-dioxaoctamethylene bis(3-methyl-5-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyhydrocinnamate), 2,6-di-tert-butyl-p-cresol, 2,2′-ethylidene-bis(4,6-di-tert-butylphenol), 1,3,5-tris(2,6-dimethyl-4-tert-butyl-3-hydroxybenzyl)isocynurate, 1,1,3,-tris(2-methyl-4-hydroxy-5-tert-butylphenyl)butane, 1,3,5-tris[2-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyhydrocinnamoyloxy)ethyl]isocyanurate, 3,5-di-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)mesitol, hexamethylene bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyhydrocinnamate), 1-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanilino)-3,5-di(octylthio)-s-triazine, N,N′-hexamethylene-bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyhydrocinnamamide), calcium bis(ethyl 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzylphosphonate), ethylene bis[3,3-di(3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)butyrate], octyl 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzylmercaptoacetate, bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyhydrocinnamoyl)hydrazide, and N,N′-bis[2-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyhydrocinnamoyloxy)-ethyl]-oxamide.

A most preferred phenolic antioxidant is neopentanetetrayl tetrakis(3,5di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyhydrocinnamate), n-octadecyl 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyhydrocinnamate, 1,3,5-tri-methyl-2,4,6-tris(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)benzene, 1,3,5-tris(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)isocyanurate, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-p-cresol or 2,2′-ethylidene-bis(4,6-di-tert-butylphenol).

The hindered amine compound of particular interest is selected from the group consisting of bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-y) sebacate, bis(1,2,2,6,6-pentamethylpiperidin-4-yl) sebacate, di(1,2,2,6,6-pentamethylpiperidin-4-yl) (3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)butylmalonate, 4-benzoyl-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine, 4-stearyloxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine, 3-n-octyl-7,7,9,9-tetramethyl-1,3,8-triaza- spiro [4.5]decane-2,4-dione, tris(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl) nitrilotriacetate, 1,2-bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3-oxopiperazin-4-yl)ethane, 2,2,4,4-tetramethyl-7-oxa-3,20-diaza-21-oxodispiro[5.1.11.2]heneicosane, polycondensation product of 2,4-dichloro-6-tert-octylamino-s-triazine and 4,4′-hexamethylenebis(amino-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine), polycondensation product of 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-hydroxypiperidine and succinic acid, polycondensation product of 4,4′-hexamethylenebis-(amino-2,2,6,6-tetra-methylpiperidine) and 1,2-dibromoethane, tetrakis(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl) 1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylate, tetrakis(1,2,2,6,6-pentamethylpiperidin-4-yl) 1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylate, polycondensation product of 2,4-dichloro-6-morpholino-s-triazine and 4,4′-hexamethylenebis(amino-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine), N,N′,N″,N″′-tetrakis[(4,6-bis(butyl-1,2,2,6,6-pentamethyl-piperidin-4-yl)-amino-s-triazin-2-yl]-1,10-diamino-4,7-diazadecane, mixed [2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl/β,β,β′,β′-tetramethyl-3,9-(2,4,8,10-tetraoxaspiro[5.5]-undecan diethyl]1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylate, mixed [1,2,2,6,6-pentamethylpiperidin-4-yl/β,β,β′,β′-tetramethyl-3,9-(2,4,8,10-tetraoxaspiro[5.5-undecane)diethyl] 1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylate, octamethylene bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-piperidin4-carboxylate), 4,4′-ethylenebis(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperazin-3-one), N-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-piperidin-4-yl-n-dodecylsuccinimide, N-1,2,2,6,6-pentamethyl-piperidin-4-yl-n-dodecylsuccinimide, N-1-acetyl-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yln-dodecylsuccinimide, 1-acetyl-3-dodecyl-7,7,9,9-tetramethyl-1,3,8-triazaspiro[4.5]decane-2,4-dione, di-(1-octyloxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl) sebacate, di-(1-cyclohexyloxy-2,2,6,6-tetra-methylpiperidin-4-yl) succinate, 1-octyloxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-hydroxy-piperidine, poly-([6-tert-octylamino-s-triazin-2,4-diyl][2-(1-cyclohexyloxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl)imino-hexamethylene-[4-(1-cyclohexyloxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl)imino], 2,4,6-tris[N-(1-cyclohexyloxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl)-n-butylamino]-s-triazine, bis[1-(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropoxy)-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl)] sebacate; a mixture of bis[1-(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropoxy)-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl] glutarate and bis[1-(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropoxy)-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl] adipate; 1-(2-hydroxy-2-methyl-propoxy)-4-octadecanoyloxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine; bis[1-(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropoxy)-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl] adipate; bis[1-(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropoxy)-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-piperidin-4-yl] glutarate; bis[1-(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropoxy)-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl] succinate; a mixture of bis[1-(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropoxy)-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl] glutarate and bis[1-(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropoxy)-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl] succinate; 1-(4-octadecanoyloxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yloxy)-2-octadecanoyloxy-2-methylpropane; 1-(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropoxy)-4-[9-(methoxy-carbonyl)nonanoyloxy]-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine; 1-(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropoxy)-4-[5-(methoxy-carbonyl)pentanoyloxy]-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine; 1-(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropoxy)-4-[3-(methoxy-carbonyl)propionyloxy]-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine; 1-(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropoxy)-4-[4-(methoxy-carbonyl)-butyryloxy]-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine; condensation product of 4-hydroxy-1-(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropoxy)-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine with hexamethylene diisocyanate and terminated with methoxy; condensation product of 4-hydroxy-1-(2-hydroxy-ethoxy)-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-piperidine with hexamethylene diisocyanate and terminated with methoxy; and the condensation product of 4-hydroxy-1-(2-hydroxy-1-phenethoxy)-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine with hexamethylene diisocyanate and terminated with methoxy.

A most preferred hindered amine compound is bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl) sebacate, bis(1,2,2,6,6-pentamethylpiperidin-4-yl) sebacate, di(1,2,2,6,6-pentamethylpiperidin-4-yl) (3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)butylmalonate, the polycondensation product of 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-hydroxypiperidine and succinic acid, the polycondensation product of 2,4-dichloro-6-tert-octylamino-s-triazine and 4,4′-hexamethylenebis(amino-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine), N,N′,N″,N″′-tetrakis[(4,6-bis(butyl-(1,2,2,6,6-pentamethylpiperidin-4-yl)amino)-s-triazine-2-yl]-1,10-diamino-4,7-diazadecane. di-(1-octyloxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl) sebacate, di-(1-cyclohexyloxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl) succinate, 1-octyloxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-hydroxy-piperidine, poly-{[6-tert-octylamino-s-triazin-2,4-diyl][2-(1-cyclohexyloxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl)imino-hexamethylene-[4-(1-cyclohexyloxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl)imino], 2,4,6tris[N-(1-cyclohexyloxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl)-n-butylamino]-s-triazine, or 1-(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropoxy)-4-octadecanoyloxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine.

The instant composition can additionally contain another UV absorber selected from the group consisting of the benzotriazoles, the s-triazines, the oxanilides, the salicylates, the hydroxybenzophenones, the benzoates and the α-cyanoacrylates.

Particularly, the instant composition may additionally contain an effective stabilizing amount of at least one other 2-hydroxyphenyl-2H-benzotriazole; another tris-aryl-s-triazine; or hindered amine or mixtures thereof.

Preferably, the 2-hydroxyphenyl-2H-benzotriazole is selected from the group consisting of

2-(2-hydroxy-3,5-di-tert-amylphenyl)-2H-benzotriazole;

2- [2-hydroxy-3,5-di(α,α-dimethylbenzyl)phenyl]-2H-benzotriazole;

2-[2-hydroxy-3-(α,α-dimethylbenzyl)-5-tert-octylphenyl]-2H-benzotriazole;

2- {2-hydroxy-3-tert-butyl-5-[2-(omega-hydroxy-octa(ethyleneoxy)carbonyl)ethyl]-phenyl}-2H-benzotriazole;

5-chloro-2-(2-hydroxy-3,5-di-tert-butylphenyl)-2H-benzotriazole;

5-chloro-2-(2-hydroxy-3-tert-butyl-5-methylphenyl)-2H-benzotriazole;

2-(2-hydroxy-5-tert-octylphenyl)-2H-benzotriazole; and

2- {2-hydroxy-3-tert-butyl-5-[2-(octyloxy)carbonyl)ethyl]phenyl}-2H- benzo-triazole.

Preferably, the other tris-aryl-s-triazine is selected from the group consisting of

2,4-bis(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-6-(2-hydroxy-4-octyloxyphenyl)-s-triazine;

2,4-diphenyl-6-(2-hydroxy-4-hexyloxyphenyl)-s-triazine;

2,4-bis(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-6-[2-hydroxy-4-(3-do-/tri-decyloxy-2-hydroxypropoxy)-phenyl]-s-triazine;

2,4-bis(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-6-[2-hydroxy-4-(3-nonyloxy*-2-hydroxypropyloxy)-5-α-cumylphenyl]-s-triazine. (* denotes a mixture of octyloxy, nonyloxy and decyloxy groups.), and

2,4-bis(biphenylyl)-6-[2-hydroxy-4-(3-nonyloxy*-2-hydroxypropyloxy)phenyl]- s-triazine. (* denotes a mixture of octyloxy, nonyloxy and decyloxy groups.)

The instant compounds are often used in conjunction with one or more coadditive stabilizers where the coadditive stabilizer is a hindered phenolic antioxidant selected from the group consisting of neopentanetetrayl tetrakis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyhydrocinnamate, octadecyl 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyhydrocinnamate, 1,3,5-trimethyl-2,4,6tris(3,5, -di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)benzene, 1,2-bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-hydrocinnamoyl)hydrazine, calcium [bis(monoethyl 3,5-ditert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)-phosphonate], 1,3,5-tris(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl) isocyanurate and 1,3,5-tris(3-hydroxy-4-tert-butyl-2,6-dimethylbenzyl) isocyanurate; or is an organophosphorus stabilizer selected from the group consisting of tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphite, bis(2,4-di-tert-butyl-6-methylphenyl) ethyl phosphite, 2,2′,2″-nitrilo[triethyl-tris-(3,3′,5,5′-tetra-tert-butyl-1,1′-biphenyl-2,2′-diyl) phosphite], tetakis(2,4-di-butylphenyl) 4,4′-biphenylenediphosphonite, tris(nonylphenyl) phosphite, bis(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) pentaerythrityl diphosphite, 2,2′-ethylidenebis(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) fluorophosphite and 2-butyl-2-ethylpropan-1,3-diyl 2,4,6-tri-tert-butylphenyl phosphite; or is 5,7-di-tert-butyl-3-(3,4-dimethylphenyl)-2H-benzofuran-2-one; or is N,N-dialkylhydroxylamine made by the direct oxidation of N,N-di(hydrogenated tallow)amine; or is a hindered amine selected from the group consisting of bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl) sebacate, the polycondensation product of 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-hydroxypiperidine and succinic acid, N,N′,N″,N″′-tetrakis[4,6-bis(butyl-1,2,2,6,6-penta-methylpiperidin-4-yl)amino-s-triazin-2-yl]-1,10-diamino-4,7-diazadecane, the polycondensation product of 4,4′-hexamethylenebis(amino-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine) and 2,4-dichloro-6-tert-octylamino-s-triazine, the polycondensation product of 4,4′-hexa-methylenebis(amino-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine) and 2,4-dichloro-6-morpholino-s-triazine, the polycondensation product of 4,4′-hexamethylenebis(amino-1,2,2,6,6-penta-methylpiperidine) and 2,4-dichloro-6-morpholino-s-triazine, 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl octadecanoate, 3-dodecyl-1-(1-acetyl-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl)-pyrrolidin-2,5-dione, 1,3,5-tris {N-cyclohexyl-N-[2-(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperazin-3-on-4-yl)ethyl]amino}-s-triazine, poly[methyl 3-(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yloxy)-propyl]siloxane, the polycondensation product of 2,4-dichloro-6-(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl)butylamino)-s-triazine, 2,2′ethylene-bis {[2,4-(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl)butylamino-s-triazin-6-yl]aminotrimethyleneamino}, oligomer of N-([2-(N-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl)butylamino]-s-triazin-4-yl }-N,N′-bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl)-1,6-hexanediamine terminated with 2,4-bis(dibutylamino)-s-triazin-6-yl, N,N′,N″-tris{2,4-bis[N-(1,2,2,6,6-pentamethylpiperidin-4-yl)butylamino]-s-triazin-6-yl }-3,3′-ethylenediiminodipropylamine, N,N′,N″′-tris {2,4-bis[N-(1,2,2,6,6-pentamethylpiperidin-4-yl)butylamino]-s-triazin-6-yl}-3,3′-ethylenediiminodipropylamine and N,N′,N″,N″′-tetrakis(2,4-bis[N-(1,2,2,6,6-pentamethylpiperidin-4-yl)butylamino]-s-triazin-6-yl) -3,3′-ethylenediiminodipropylamine; or is another N-hydrocarbyloxy substituted hindered amines selected from the group consisting of bis(1-octyloxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl) sebacate, bis(1-octyloxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl) adipate, bis(1-cyclohexyloxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl) adipate, bis(1-cyclo-hexyloxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl) sebacate, 1-cyclohexyloxy-2,2,6,6-tetra-methylpiperidin-4-yl octadecanoate, N,N′,N″-tris {2,4-bis[N-(1-cyclohexyloxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl)butylamino)]-s-triazin-6-yl}-3,3′-ethylenediiminodipropylamine, N,N′,N″′-tris {2,4-bis[N-(1-cyclohexyloxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl)butyl-amino]-s-triazin-6-yl }-3,3′-ethylenediiminodipropylamine and N,N′,N″,N″′-tetrakis {2,4-bis[N-(1-cyclohexyloxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl)butylamino]-s-triazin-6-yl}-3,3′-ethylenediiminodipropylamine; or a hydroxy substituted N-hydrocarbyloxy substituted hindered amine selected from the group consisting of bis[1-(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropoxy)-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl)] sebacate; a mixture of bis[1-(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropoxy)-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl] glutarate and bis[1-(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropoxy)-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl] adipate; 1-(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropoxy)-4-octadecanoyloxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine; bis[1-(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropoxy)-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl] adipate; bis[1-(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropoxy)-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl] glutarate; bis[1-(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropoxy)-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl] succinate; a mixture of bis[1-(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropoxy)-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl] glutarate and bis[1-(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropoxy)-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl] succinate; 1-(4-octadecanoyloxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yloxy)-2-octadecanoyl-oxy-2-methylpropane; 1-(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropoxy)-4-[9-(methoxy-carbonyl)-nonanoyloxy]-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine; 1-(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropoxy)-4-[5-(methoxy-carbonyl)pentanoyloxy]-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine; 1-(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropoxy)-4-[3-(methoxy-carbonyl)propionyloxy]-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine; 1-(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropoxy)-4-[4-(methoxy-carbonyl)butyryloxy]-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine; or is a UV absorber selected from the group consisting of 2-(2-hydroxy-3,5-di-α-cumylphenyl)-2H-benzotriazole, 2-(2-hydroxy-5-methylphenyl)-2H-benzotriazole, 5-chloro-2-(2-hydroxy-3,5-di-tert-butylphenyl)-2H-benzotriazole, 2-(2-hydroxy-3,5-di-tert-amylphenyl)-2H-benzotriazole, 2-(2-hydroxy-3-α-cumyl-5-tert-octylphenyl)-2H-benzotriazole, 2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl 3,5-di-tert-butyl4-hydroxybenzoate, 2-hydroxy-4-n-octyloxybenzophenone, 2,4-bis(2,4-dimethyphenyl)-6-(2-hydroxy-4-octyloxyphenyl)-s-triazine, oligomer of N-{2-[(1-propoxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl)butylamino]-s-triazin-4-yl}-N,N′-bis(1-propoxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl)-1,6-hexanediamine terminated with 2,4-bis(dibutylamino)-s-triazin-6-yl, the condensation product of 2-morpholino-4,6-dichloro-s-triazine with N,N′-bis(1,2,2,6,6-pentamethyl-piperidin-4-yl)-1,6-hexanediamine; or mixtures thereof.

Preferably the coadditive stabilizer is neopentanetetrayl tetrakis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyhydrocinnamate, tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphite, N,N-dialkylhydroxylamine made by the direct oxidation of N,N-di(hydrogenated tallow)amine, N,N′,N″,N″′-tetrakis[4,6-bis(butyl-1,2,2,6,6-pentamethylpiperidin-4-yl)amino-s-triazin-2-yl]-1,10-diamino-4,7-diazadecane, the polycondensation product of 4,4′-hexamethylenebis(amino-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine) and 2,4-dichloro-6-tert-octylamino-s-triazine, the polycondensation product of 4,4′-hexamethylenebis(amino-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine) and 2,4-dichloro-6-morpholino-s-triazine, the polycondensation product of 4,4′-hexa-methylenebis(amino-1,2,2,6,6-pentamethylpiperidine) and 2,4-dichloro-6-morpholino-s-triazine, oligomer of N-{[2-(N-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl)butylamino]-s-triazin-4-yl}-N,N′-bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl)-1,6-hexanediamine terminated with 2,4-bis(dibutylamino)-s-triazin-6-yl, N,N′,N″-tris{2,4-bis[N-(1,2,2,6,6-pentamethylpiperidin-4-yl)butylamino]-s-triazin-6-yl}-3,3′-ethylenediiminodipropylamine, N,N′,N″′-tris {2,4-bis[N-(1,2,2,6,6-pentamethylpiperidin-4-yl)butylamino]-s-triazin-6-yl 1,3,3′-ethylenediiminodipropylamine and N,N′,N″,N″′-tetrakis {2,4-bis[N-(1,2,2,6,6-pentamethylpiperidin-4-yl)butylamino]-s-triazin-6-yl-3,3′-ethylenediiminodipropylamine, oligomer of N-{2-[(1-propoxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4yl)butylamino]-s-triazin-4-yl}-N,N′-bis(1-propoxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl)-1,6-hexanediamine terminated with 2,4-bis(dibutylamino)-s-triazin-6-yl, or the condensation product of 2-morpholino-4,6-dichloro-s-triazine with N,N′-bis(1,2,2,6,-pentamethylpiperidin-4-yl)-1,6-hexanediamine.

The alkyd resin lacquers which can be stabilized against the action of light and moisture in accordance with the instant invention are the conventional stoving lacquers which are used in particular for coating automobiles (automobile finishing lacquers), for example lacquers based on alkyd/melamine resins and alkyd/acrylic/melamine resins (see H. Wagner and H. F. Sarx, “Lackkunstharze” (1977), pages 99-123). Other crosslinking agents include glycouril resins, blocked isocyanates or epoxy resins.

The lacquers stabilized in accordance with the invention are suitable both for metal finish coatings and solid shade finishes, especially in the case of retouching finishes, as well as various coil coating applications. The lacquers stabilized in accordance with the invention are preferably applied in the conventional manner by two methods, either by the single-coat method or by the two-coat method. In the latter method, the pigment-containing base coat is applied first and then a covering coat of clear lacquer over it.

It is also to be noted that the compounds of the present invention are applicable for use in non-acid catalyzed thermoset resins such as epoxy, epoxy-polyester, vinyl, alkyd, acrylic and polyester resins, optionally modified with silicon, isocyanates or isocyanurates. The epoxy and epoxy-polyester resins are crosslinked with conventional cross-linkers such as acids, acid anhydrides, amines and the like. Correspondingly, the epoxide may be utilized as the crosslinking agent for various acrylic or polyester resin systems that have been modified by the presence of reactive groups on the backbone structure.

When used in two-coat finishes, the compounds of the instant invention can be incorporated in the clear coat or both in the clear coat and in the pigmented base coat.

When water-soluble, water miscible or water dispersible coating are desired ammonium salts of acid groups present in the resin are formed. Powder coating composition can be prepared by reacting glycidyl methacrylate with selected alcohol components.

The instant benzotriazoles are made by conventional methods for preparing such compounds. The usual procedure involves the diazotization of a substituted o-nitroaniline followed by coupling the resultant diazonium salt with a substituted phenol and reduction of the azobenzene intermediate to the corresponding desired benzotriazole. The starting materials for these benzotriazoles are largely items of commerce or can be prepared by normal methods of organic synthesis.

While the instant benzotriazoles with their enhanced durability are particularly suited for automotive coating applications, it is contemplated that they will also be espeically useful in other applications where their enhanced durability is required such as in solar films and the like.

The following examples are for illustrative purposes only and are not to be construed to limit the scope of the instant invention in any manner whatsoever.

EXAMPLE 1 2-(1,1-Diphenylethyl)-4-tert-butylphenol

To a 500 mL three-necked flask equipped with a mechanical stirrer, 40 g of 4-tert-butylphenol, 40 g of hexanes and 1.9 g of p-toluenesulfonic acid are charged. The slurry is heated to 60° C. at which time 62 g of 1,1-diphenylethylene is added. The temperature is increased to 110° C. and the hexanes are removed by distillation. After 4.5 hours, the reaction mass is cooled to ambient temperature and purified by silica gel chromatography using heptane/ethyl acetate as the eluent. Sixty (60) grams of the title compound is obtained whose structure is confirmed by ¹H nmr.

EXAMPLE 2 2-Nitrophenyldiazonium Chloride

To a 500 mL three-necked flask equipped with a mechanical stirrer are added 60 g of 2-nitroaniline and 134.2 g of concentrated hydrochloric acid. After heating to 65° C., 46 g of water is added after which the reactor is cooled to 0° C. Sodium nitrite (74.2 g, 40% aqueous solution) is slowly added to the slurry while maintaining a temperature of 0° C. The diazonium salt solution is filtered to give 290 g of solution which is stored at −15° C. for later use.

EXAMPLE 3 2-Nitro-2′-hydroxy-3′-(1,1-diphenylethyl)-5′-tert-butylmonoazobenzene

To a 500 mL three-necked flask fitted with a mechanical stirrer are added 26.6 g of 2-(1,1-diphenylethyl)-4-tert-butylphenol, prepared in Example 1, 140 g of methanol, 17.5 g of sodium hydroxide pellets, 4 g of toluene and 5 g of water. This solution is cooled to −15° C. and 75 g of the diazonium salt solution, prepared in Example 2, is added slowly over three hours. The crimson slurry is acidified to a pH of 2 with dilute hydrochloric acid. The monoazo compound formed is filtered and washed with water. The crude cake is over dried to yield 37.7 g of crimson red solid which contains some residual sodium chloride. This crude product with is the title compound melts at 157-160° C. and its structure is verified by ¹H nmr and mass spectroscopy.

EXAMPLE 4 2-[2-Hydroxy-3-( 1,1-diphenylethyl)-5-tert-butyl-phenyl]-2H-benzotriazole N-Oxide

To a 500 mL three-necked flask equipped with a mechanical stirrer are charged 25 g of the crude monoazo compound prepared in Example 3, 50 g of toluene, 0.5 g of 5% palladium on carbon catalyst, and 100 g of n-butylamine. This solution is cooled to 5° C. and hydrazine (3 g) is added slowly over two hours while not allowing the temperature to rise above 20° C. The catalyst is removed by filtration and the solvent is distilled under vacuum. The benzotriazole N-oxide compound is then crystallized from methanol/toluene. After vacuum drying, 16.1 g of the desired title compound is obtained as an orange solid melting at 201-203° C. The structure is confirmed by ¹H nmr and mass spectroscopy.

EXAMPLE 5 2-[2-Hydroxy-3-(1,1-diphenylethyl)-5-tert-butylphenyl]-2H-benzotriazole

To a 500 mL three-necked flask fitted with a mechanical stirrer, 3 g of sodium hydroxide pellets and 50 mL of 2-butanol are charged and heated to 82° C. To this solution, a slurry of 200 mL of 2-butanone, 15 g of the benzotriazole N-oxide prepared in Example 4, and 0.67 g of 2,3-dichloro-1,4-naphthoquinone is added over 40 minutes. The mixture is refluxed at 88° C. for five hours while distilling off 2-butanone. Additional 2-butanol (50 mL) is added to replace what is lost during distillation of the 2-butanone. After cooling the reaction mixture to ambient temperature, 25 g of water and 30 mL of ethyl acetate are added at which time the pH is reduced to 2 with 30% aqueous sulfuric acid. After splitting off the aqueous layer, the solvent is removed by distillation and the crude solid purified by silica gel chromatography using heptane/ethyl acetate as the eluent. After collecting the desired fractions and crystallization from methanol/toluene, 14 g of the title compound is obtained after drying as a light yellow solid melting at 172-173° C. The structure is confirmed by ¹H nmr and mass spectroscopy.

EXAMPLE 6 4-Chloro-2-nitrophenyldiazonium Chloride

The title diazonium salt solution is prepared according to the procedure of Example 2 where 60 g of 4-chloro-2-nitroaniline are used to prepared 281.3 g of a 23% aqueous solution of the title compound which is stored at −15° C. till use.

EXAMPLE 7 4-Chloro-2-nitro-2′-hydroxy-3′-(1,1-diphenylethyl)-5′-tert-butylmonoazobenzene

The title compound is prepared according to the method of Example 3 from 30 g of the phenol prepared in Example 1 and 113 g of 23% aqueous diazonium salt solution prepared in Example 6. A crimson red solid is obtained whose structure is consistent with the tide compound by ¹H nmr and mass spectroscopy.

EXAMPLE 8 5-Chloro-2-[2-hydroxy-3-(1,1-diphenylethyl)-5-tert-butylphenyl]-2H-benzotriazole N-Oxide

The title compound is prepared according to the method of Example 4 where 30 g of the monoazo compound of Example 7 is used to prepare 15 g of the title compound as an orange solid melting at 148-154° C. whose structure is consistent with analysis by ¹H nmr and mass spectroscopy.

EXAMPLE 9 5-Chloro-2-[2-hydroxy-3-(1,1-diphenylethyl)-5-tert-butylphenyl]-2H-benzotriazole

The title compound is prepared according to the method of Example 5 from 12.25 g of the benzotriazole N-oxide prepared in Example 8. The title compound is obtained as 8 g of a light yellow solid melting at 177-178° C. The structure is confirmed by analysis by ¹H nmr and mass spectroscopy.

EXAMPLE 10 2-(1,1-Diphenylethyl)-4-tert-octylphenol

The title compound is prepared according to the procedure of Example 1 from 41 g of 4-tert-octylphenol. The desired compound is obtained in a yield of 15.5 g whose structure is verified by ¹H nmr.

EXAMPLE 11 4-Trifluoromethyl-2-nitrophenyldiazonium Bisulfate

To a 500 mL three-necked flask equipped with a mechanical stirrer is added 99.5 g of concentrated sulfuric acid and 62.5 g of 4-trifluoro-2-nitroaniline (or 4-amino-3-nitro-benzotrifluoride). After heating to 75° C., 200 g of water is added at which time the temperature is reduced to 0° C. Sodium nitrite solution (52.9 g, 40% by weight in water) is added over two hours while maintaining the temperature at 0-5° C. The title diazonium salt solution (351 g) is filtered and stored at −15° C. for later use.

EXAMPLE 12 4-Trifluoromethyl-2-nitro-2′-hydroxy-3′-(1,1-diphenylethyl)-5′-tert-octylmonoazobenzene

To a 500 mL three-necked flask fitted with a mechanical stirrer is added 35.1 g of the phenol prepared in Example 10, 80 g of xylenes and 1.7 g of PETROSUL® M-60 (surfactant made by Penreco). At ambient temperature, the diazonium salt solution prepared in Example 11 is charged over five hours. Xylenes (200 g) and 82 g of 25% aqueous sodium hydroxide solution are charged at the conclusion of the diazonium salt addition. The aqueous layer is removed and xylene is distilled off under vacuum. The title compound is obtained in a yield of 72 g as a crude crimson oil.

EXAMPLE 13 5-Trifluoromethyl-2-[2-hydroxy-3-(1,1-diphenylethyl)-5-tert-octylphenyl]-2H-benzotriazole N-Oxide

The desired benzotriazole N-oxide compound is prepared according to the procedure of Example 4. The monoazo compound of Example 12 (72 g) is reduced to give the title compound as orange crystals melting at 143-145° C. The structure is consistent as analyzed by ¹H nmr and mass spectroscopy.

EXAMPLE 14 5-Trifluoromethyl-2-[2-hydroxy-3-(1,1-diphenylethyl)-5-tert-octylphenyl]-2H-benzotriazole

The desired compound is prepared according to the method of Example 5 from 20.1 g of the corresponding benzotriazole N-oxide prepared in Example 13. The title compound is obtained in a yield of 18.8 g as a light yellow solid melting at 66-77° C. The structure of the compound is consistent by ¹H nmr and mass spectroscopy.

EXAMPLE 15 Polycarbonate

The durability of representative instant benzotriazoles in thermoplastic substrates is determined by incorporating various test compounds into solvent cast films of polycarbonate resins. The free standing films are mounted into cardboard holders, secured in metal frames and exposed in an Atlas C165 Xenon-arc Weather-Ometer under dry conditions according to ASTM G26. Loss of UV absorber is determined by monitoring the loss of diagnostic UV absorption.

Polycarbonate flake (LEXAN® 145, General Electric) is dissolved in methylene chloride at room temperature along with between 1 and 3% by weight of test benzotriazole, based on the polycarbonate. Films are cast using a calibrated drawdown bar to prepare 1 mil thick film after drying.

Compound of Change in Initial Example* (% by weight) Absorbance after 1500 hours TINUVIN ® 329 (1.81%) 0.14 TINUVIN ® 234 (2.50%) 0.14 Example 5 (2.50%) 0.10 *TINUVIN ® 329 is 2-(2-hydroxy-5-tert-octylphenyl)-2H-benzotriazole. TINUVIN ® 234 is 2-(2-hydroxy-3,5-di-α-cumylphenyl)-2H-benzotriazole.

These data show that the instant compounds are particularly efficacious when used in thermoplastic compositions, such as polycarbonate, even surpassing a commercial UV absorber in effectiveness. This is shown by the reduction in absorbance loss after exposure to actinic radiation.

EXAMPLE 16 Polycarbonate

Polycarbonate films of about 1 mil thickness and containing a UV absorber are prepared by dissolving polycarbonate granules (LEXAN® 145, General Electric) and UV absorbers in methylene chloride and casting the films on a glass plate using a drawdown bar. The films are exposed for 750 hours in a Xenon Arc Weather-Ometer according to ASTM G26 test method and the color change (αYI) versus that for unexposed films are recorded below. The color measurements (yellowness index—YI) are carried out on an ACS spectrophotometer, small area view, spectral component included d/8, D65, 10° observer, YI 1925 for unexposed and exposed samples after 1000 hours.

Compound of Example* (% by weight) ΔYI Blank (no stabilizer) 17.82 TINUVIN ® 234 (2.50%) 5.56 Example 5 (2.50%) 5.52 *TINUVIN ® 234 is 2-(2-hydroxy-3,5-di-α-cumylphenyl)-2H-benzotriazole.

These data show that the instant compounds are particularly efficacious when used in thermoplastic compositions, such as polycarbonate, comparable to a commerical UV absorber in effectiveness. This is shown by the reduction of yellowing ΔYI) after exposure to actinic radiation.

EXAMPLE 17 Poly(methyl methacrylate)

The durability of representative instant benzotriazoles in thermoplastic substrates is determined by incorporating various test compounds into solvent cast films of a poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) resin. The free standing films are mounted into cardboard holders, secured in metal frames and exposed in an Atlas C165 Xenon-arc Weather-Ometer under dry conditions according to ASTM G26. Loss of UV absorber is determined by monitoring the loss of diagnostic UV absorption as described earlier. Performance is measured by a change in color or the physical integrity of the film, or in loss of absorbance of the UV absorber at λmax.

Poly(methyl methacrylate), medium molecular weight, Aldrich, is dissolved in methylene chloride at room temperature along with between 1 and 3% by weight of test benzotriazole, based on the PMMA resin. Films are cast using a calibrated drawdown bar to prepare 1 mil thick film after drying.

Compound of Change in Initial Example* (% by weight) Absorbance after 1500 hours TINUVIN ® 328 (1.96%) 0.31 TINUVIN ® 234 (2.50%) 0.14 Example 9 (2.69%) 0.09 Example 14 (3.19%) 0.06 *TINUVIN ® 328 is 2-(2-hydroxy-3,5-di-tert-amylphenyl)-2H-benzotriazole. TINUVIN ® 234 is 2-(2-hydroxy-3,5-di-α-cumylphenyl)-2H-benzotriazole.

These data show that the instant compounds are particularly efficacious when used in thermoplastic compositions, such as poly(methyl methacrylate), even surpassing two commercial UV absorbers in effectiveness. This is shown by the reduction in absorbance loss after exposure to actinic radiation.

EXAMPLE 18 Incorporation into Photographic Layers

A gelatin coat of the following composition (per m²) is applied in the customary manner to a polyester base.

Components Amount Gelatin 1200 mg Tricresyl Phosphate 510 mg Hardener* 40 mg Wetting Agent** 100 mg Test UV Absorber 400 mg *potassium salt of 2-hydroxy-4,6-dichloro-s-triazine **sodium 4,8-diisobutylnaphthalene-2-sulfonate

The gelatin coats are dried at 20° C. for seven days.

When the instant UV absorbers are used, clear transparent coats are obtained which are suitable for photographic recording material for example as a UV filter coat.

% Change in Initial Optical Density (2.0) after Test Compound 60 KJ Exposure 120 KJ Exposure TINUVIN ® 328 9.7 34.3 Example 14 1 1 *TINUVIN ® 328 is 2-(2-hydroxy-3,5-di-tert-amylphenyl)-2H-benzotriazole.

These data show that the instant compounds when used in a photographic layer are extremely photostable.

EXAMPLE 19 Photographic Compositions

A polyethylene-coated base material is coated with a gelatin coat comprising silver bromide and a magenta coupler (M-9). The gelatin coat includes the following component (per m² of base material):

Component AgBr coat Gelatin 5.15 g Hardener* 300 mg Wetting Agent** 85 mg Silver Bromide 260 mg Magenta Coupler (M-9) 325 mg Tricresyl Phosphate 162 mg *potassium salt of 2-hydroxy-4,6-dichloro-s-triazine **sodium 4,8-diisobutylnaphthalene-2-sulfonate M-9 is 3-tridecyl-6-tert-butyl-7-chloro-1H-pyrazolo[4,2-d]pyrazole.

A step wedge having a density difference of 0.3 log E per step is exposed onto each of the resulting sam ples which are then processed in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions in the P94 process of Agfa Gevaert for negative color papers.

After exposure and processing, the density of reflectance in the green region for the magenta stage is measured at a density of between 0.9 and 1.1 of the wedge.

A UV absorber filter comprising an instant test benzotriazole is prepared on transparent base material as described in Example 18.

The wedge is subsequently exposed behind the UV absorber filter in an Atlas exposure instrument at 15 kJ/cm² and the reflectance density is measured again. The magenta dye density loss (−αD) is greatly reduced by the instant test compound as stabilizer in comparison with the sample containing no stabilizer.

EXAMPLE 20 Photographic Compositions

The procedure described in Example 18 is repeated using a mixture of 2 parts by weight of an instant test compound and 1 part by weight of an s-triazine UV absorber. Clear transparent coats are obtained which are suitable for a photographic recording material.

EXAMPLE 21 Photographic Compositions

A photographic material having the following layer structure is prepared:

top layer

red-sensitive layer

second gelatin layer

green-sensitive layer

first gelatin layer

blue-sensitive layer

polyethylene base

The gelatin layers consist of the following components (per m² of base material):

Blue-sensitive layer

α-(3-benzyl-4-ethoxyhydantoin-1-yl)-α-pivaloyl-2-chloro-5-[α(2,4-di-tert-amylphenoxy)-acetanilide (400 mg)

α-(1-butylphenylurazol-4-yl)-α-pivaloyl-5-(3-dodecanesulfonyl-2-methylpropanamido)-2-methoxyacetamide (400 mg)

dibutyl phthalate (130 mg)

dinonyl phthalate (130 mg)

gelatin (1200 mg)

1,5-dioxa-3-ethyl-3-[-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionyloxymethyl]-8,10-diphenyl-9-thia[5.5]spiroundecane (150 mg)

bis(1-acryloyl-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidyl) 2,2-bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)-malonate (150 mg)

3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy(2,4-di-tert-amylphenyl)benzoate (150 mg)

poly(N-tert-butylacrylamide) (50 mg)

blue-sensitive silver chlorobromide emulsion (240 mg)

First gelatin interlayer

gelatin (1000 mg)

2,5-di-tert-octylhydroquinone (100 mg)

hexyl 5-[2,5-dihydroxy-4-(4-hexyloxycarbonyl-1,1-dimethylbutyl)phenyl]-5-methyl-hexanoate (100 mg)

dibutyl phthalate (200 mg)

diisobutyl phthalate (200 mg)

Green-sensitive layer

7-chloro-2-{2-[2-(2,4-di-tert-amylphenoxy)octanamido]-1-methylethyl}-6-methyl-1H-pyrazolo[1,5b][1,2,4]triazole (100 mg)

6-tert-butyl-7-chloro-3-(3-dodecanesulfonylpropyl)-1H-pyrazolo)-1H-pyrazolo[5,1-o][1,2,4]triazole (100 mg)

dibutyl phthalate (100 mg)

dicresyl phosphate (100 mg)

trioctyl phosphate (100 mg)

gelatin (1400 mg)

3,3,3′,3′-tetramethyl-5,5′,6,6′-tetrapropoxy-1,1′-spirobiindane (100 mg)

4-(isotridecyloxyphenyl)thiomorpholine-1,1-dioxide (100 mg)

4,4′-butylidenebis(3-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol) (50 mg)

2,2′-isobutylidenebis(4,6-dimethylphenol) (10 mg)

3,5-dichloro-4-(hexadecyloxycarbpnyloxy)ethylbenzoate (20 mg)

3,5-bis[3-(2,4-di-tert-amylphenoxy)propylcarbamoyl] sodium benzenesulfinate (20 mg)

green-sensitive silver chlorobromide emulsion (150 mg)

Second gelatin interlayer

gelatin (1000 mg)

5-chloro-2-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-2-hydroxyphenyl)benzo-1,2,3-triazole (200 mg)

2-(3-dodecyl-2-hydroxy-5-methylphenyl)benzo-1,2,3-triazole (200 mg)

trinonyl phosphate (300 mg)

2,5-di-tert-octylhydroquinone (50 mg)

hexyl 5-[2,5-dihydroxy-4-(4-hexyloxycarbonyl-1,1-dimethylbutyl)phenyl]-

5-methylhexanoate (50 mg)

Red-sensitive layer

2-[α-(2,4-di-tert-amylphenoxy)butanamido]-4,6-dichloro-5-ethylphenol (150 mg)

2,4-dichloro-3-ethyl-6-hexadecanamidophenol (150 mg)

4-chloro-2-(1,2,3,4,5-pentafluorobenzamido)-5-[2-(2,4-di-tert-amylphenoxy)-3-methyl-butanamido]phenol (100 mg)

dioctyl phthalate (100 mg)

dicyclohexyl phthalate (100 mg)

gelatin (1200 mg)

5-chloro-2-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-2-hydroxyphenyl)benzo-1,2,3-triazole (100 mg)

2-(3-dodecyl-2-hydroxy-5-methylphenyl)benzo-1,2,3-triazole (100 mg)

3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy(2,4-di-tert-amylphenyl)benzoate (50 mg)

poly(N-tert-butylacrylamide) (300 mg)

N,N-diethyl-2,4-di-tert-amylphenoxyacetamide (100 mg)

2,5-di-tert-octylhydroquinone (50 mg)

red-sensitive silver chlorobromide emulsion (200 mg)

The top-most layer is prepared with and without a UV absorber:

with a UV absorber

2,5-di-tert-octylhydroquinone (20 mg)

hexyl 5-[2,5-dihydroxy-4-(4-hexyloxycarbpnyl-1,1-dimethylbutyl)phenyl]-5-methyl-hexanoate (20 mg)

gelatin (400 mg)

trinonyl phosphate (120 mg)

UV absorber test compound (385 mg)

without a UV absorber

gelatin (800 mg)

The hardener used is 2,4-dichloro-6-hydroxy-s-triazine potassium salt. The wetting agemt is the sodium salt of diisobutylhaphthalenesulfonic acid.

Three step wedges with a density difference of 0.3 log E per step are exposed onto each of the samples (with blue, green and red light, respectively). The processing process RA-4 (Kodak) for color papers is then carried out.

After exposure and processing, the reflectance densities in the red for the cyan step, in the green for the magenta step and in the blue for the yellow step are measured at a density of between 0.9 and 1.1 of the wedges. The wedges are then exposed in an Atlas exposure instrument at a total of 15 KJ/cm², and the reflectance densities are measured again.

In the case of the magenta wedge as well, the reflectance density before and after exposure is measured in the blue for yellowing.

The presence of the instant UV absorbers reduces the dye density loss of the cyan, magenta and yellow image dyes.

EXAMPLE 22 Photographic Compositions

The procedure described in Example 18 is repeated using a mixture of 1 part by weight of an instant UV absorber and 1 part by weight of a second instant UV absorber. Clear transparent coats are obtained which are suitable for a photographic recording material.

EXAMPLE 23 Photographic Compositions

The procedure described in Example 18 is repeated using a mixture of 1 part by weight of an instant UV absorber and 1 part by weight of a second benzotriazole UV absorber. Clear transparent coats are obtained which are suitable for a photographic recording material.

EXAMPLE 24 Automotive Coating Compositions

To ascertain the effect on thermal durability and loss rate from a high solids thermoset acrylic coating containing an instant benzotriazole UV absorber, the following tests are carried out.

A high solids thermoset acrylic clear coat is prepared by mixing an experimental acrylic polyol resin and hexamethoxymethylmelamine (Resimene® 747, Monsanto) at a solids ratio of 60/40. The dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid catalyst (Nacure® 5225; King Industries) is added at 0.70% by weight. A flow aid Modaflow® (Monsanto) is added at 0.25% by weight to form a model acrylic melamine resin system.

The model clear coat is reduced with xylene to a viscosity of 26-27 second using a Zahn #2 cup and applied via a conventional air spray at 50 psi (3.5 Kg/cm²) over a 1″×3″ (2.54 cm×7.62 cm) quartz slide. Cure is achieved by baking the slide for 30 minutes at 260° F. (127° C.). The clear coat is stabilized with 1% by weight of a hindered amine light stabilizer, bis-(1-octyloxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl) sebacate, (TINUVIN® 123, Ciba). The various test benzotriazole UV absorbers are incorporated at the 5 mmol % by weight in the clear coat. The film thickness on the quartz slides range from 1.15 to 1.41 mils (0.029 to 0.036 mm).

The films on the quartz slides are weathered according to the following conditions in Xenon Arc Weather-Ometer with a controlled irradiance at 6500 W, using inner quartz and outer borosilicate S-type filter. The irradiation cycle is as follows: 40 minutes of straight irradiation with no water spray, followed by 20 minutes of light plus front spray, followed by 60 minutes of light irradiation and finally by 60 minutes dart plus rear spray (condensation). The setting is at 0.55 W/M² at 340 nm, 1.98 kJ/hour. In the light cycle the black panel temperature is controlled at 70±2° C. The relative humidity in the light cycle is in the range of 50-55% and in the dark cycle 100%. The absorbance of the long wavelength UV band as a function of Xenon arc weathering hours are recorded.

To follow the loss of UV absorbers from the clear coats, UV spectra are measured initially and after weathering at regular time intervals. The UV spectrophotometer measures absorbance linearly up to 5.5 absorbance units using a reference beam attenuation technique.

It is assumed that the degradation products from the UV absorber do not contribute to the UV spectrum. This is tested by following the ratio of absorbance of the band at about 300 nm and the band at about 340 nm. The ratio does not change upon weathering the sample. This suggests that the UV spectrum of the weathered films correspond to the amount of UV absorber remaining in the film with very little if any contribution to the spectrum by photo degradants.

Representative benzotriazole test compounds are incorporated into a high solid thermoset acrylic melamine resin at a concentration of 3% by weight to give equal molar concentrations of the test benzotriazole in equal film thickness and sufficient to give a starting absorbance of approximately 2.0 absorbance units. The test samples are exposed for 1026, 2025 and 3335 hours respectively.

Compound of Units of Absorbance Example* Loss after 1026 hours TINUVIN ® 384 0.42 Example 5 0.18 Example 14 0.11 *TINUVIN ® 384 is 2-{2-hydroxy-3-tert-butyl-5-[2-(octyloxycarbonyl)ethyl]phenyl}-2H-benzotriazole.

Compound of Units of Absorbance Example* Loss after 2025 hours TINUVIN ® 384 0.77 TINUVIN ® 928 0.43 Example 5 0.41 Example 14 0.20 *TINUVIN ® 384 is 2-{2-hydroxy-3-tert-butyl-5-[2-(octyloxycarbonyl)ethyl]phenyl}-2H-benzotriazole. TINUVIN ® 928 is 2-(2-hydroxy-3-α-cumyl-5-tert-octylphenyl)-2H-benzotriazole.

Compound of Units of Absorbance Example* Loss after 3335 hours TINUVIN ® 384 1.16 TINUVIN ® 928 0.69 Example 5 0.64 Example 14 0.30 *TINUVIN ® 384 is 2-{2-hydroxy-3-tert-butyl-5-[2-(octyloxycarbonyl)ethyl]phenyl}-2H-benzotriazole. TINUVIN ® 928 is 2-(2-hydroxy-3-α-cumyl-5-tert-octylphenyl)-2H-benzotriazole.

The test shows that the instant benzotriazoles are especially durable in automotive coatings as judged by low loss rates.

EXAMPLE 25 Methyl 3-(Benzotriazol-2-yl)-4-hydroxy-5-(1,1-diphenylethyl)hydrocinnamate

Following the general procedures of Examples 1-5, the title compound is prepared.

EXAMPLE 26 Methyl 3-(5-Chloro-benzotriazol-2-yl)-4-hydroxy-5-(1,1-diphenylethyl)hydrocinnamate

Following the general procedures of Examples 1-5, the title compound is prepared.

EXAMPLE 27 Octyl 3-(5-Chloro-benzotriazol-2-yl)-4-hydroxy-5-(1,1-diphenylethyl)hydrocinnamate

The compound prepared in Example 26 is refluxed in toluene in the presence of lithium amide and EXXAL® 8 (mixture of octanols, Exxon-Mobil) for four hours. The title compound is obtained.

EXAMPLE 28 ω-Hydroxy-hepta-(ethyleneoxy)ethyl 3-(Benzotriazol-2-yl)-4-hydroxy-5-(1,1-diphenylethyl)hydrocinnamate and 3,6,9,12,15,18,21-Heptaoxatricosanylene Bis(3-(benzotriazol-2-yl)-4-hydroxy-5-(1,1-diphenylethyl)hydrocinnamate)

The methyl ester compound prepared in Example 25 is heated to 170° C. in the presence of poly(ethylene glycol) (molecular weight=300, available from DOW) and dibutyltin oxide, under a full vacuum, for four hours. The desired product which is a mixture of monomeric and dimeric esters depending on the stoichiometry is obtained.

EXAMPLE 29 Methyl 3-(5-Trifluoromethyl-benzotriazol-2-yl)-4-hydroxy-5-(1,1-diphenylethyl)hydrocinnamate

Following the general procedures of Examples 1-5, the title compound is prepared.

EXAMPLE 30 3-(5-Trifluoromethyl-benzotriazol-2-yl)-4-hydroxy-5-(1,1-diphenylethyl)hydrocinnamic Acid

The title compound is prepared by refluxing the compound prepared in Example 29 in aqueous sodium hydroxide solution followed by neutralization with aqueous hydrochloric acid.

EXAMPLE 31 3-Methacryloyloxy-2-hydroxypropyl 3-(5-Trifluoromethyl-benzotriazol-2-yl)-4-hydroxy-5-(1,1-diphenylethyl)hydrocinnamate and 3-Methacryloyloxy-1-hydroxyprop-2-yl 3-(5-Trifluoromethyl-benzotriazol-2-yl)-4-hydroxy-5-(1,1-diphenylethyl)hydrocinnamate

The desired mixture of the title compounds is obtained when the instant compound of Example 30, toluene, tetrabutylammonium bromide and glycidyl methacrylate are heated to 105° C. and held there for four hours. After cooling the reaction mixture to 80° C., washing thrice with water, the toluene is removed by vacuum distillation to give the desired mixture of title compounds.

EXAMPLES 32-50

Following the general procedures of Examples 1-5, the compounds are prepared as sented by formula I (above) where E₁ is 1,1-diphenylethyl in all examples.

Example G₁ G₂ E₂ G₃ or E₃ E₆ or E₈ 32 Cl Cl t-butyl — — 33 F F octyl — — 34 H F t-butyl — — 35 H F EtCOOE₆ — methyl 36 H F EtCONHE₈ — octadecyl 37 H * dodecyl — — 38 H ** octadecyl ethyl — 39 H *** t-butyl methyl — 40 H *** t-butyl octyl — 41 H **** octyl octadecyl — 42 H E₃SO t-butyl phenyl — 43 H E₃SO₂ methyl butyl — 44 H E₃SO₂ methyl octadecyl — 45 H CF₃ methyl — — 46 H CF₃ EtOH — — 47 H CF₃ EtOAl — — 48 H CF₃ EtCOOE₆ — octyl 49 H CF₃ EtCOOE₆ — methyl 50 H CF₃ EtCONHE₈ — octadecyl EtCOOE₆ is CH₂CH₂COOE₆; EtCONHE₈ is CH₂CH₂CONHE₈; *is P(O)(C₆H₅)₂; **is P(O)(OG₃)_(2;) ***is COOG_(3;) ****is CONHG₃; EtOH is CH₂CH₂OH; EtOAl is CH₂CH₂OCH₂CH═CH_(2.)

EXAMPLE 51 Poly(methyl methacrylate)

Poly(methyl methacrylate), medium molecular weight, Aldrich, is dissolved in methylene chloride at room temperature along with between 1 and 3% by weight of test benzotriazole, based on the PMMA resin. Films are cast using a calibrated drawdown bar to prepare 1 mil thick film after drying. The free standing films are mounted into cardboard holders, secured in metal frames and exposed in an Atlas C165 Xenon-arc Weather-Ometer under dry conditions according to ASTM G26. Performance is measured by a change in color or the physical integrity of the film, or in loss of absorbance of the UV absorber at λmax. Color measurements are carried out in an ACS spectrophotometer, small area view, spectral component included d/8, D65, 10° observer, YI 1925 for unexposed and exposed samples after 1000 hours exposure.

Compound of Example* (% by weight) ΔYI TINUVIN ® 234 (2.50%) 1.26 Example 9 (2.69%) 0.96 Example 14 (3.19%) 0.97 *TINUVIN ® 234 is 2-(2-hydroxy-3,5-di-α-cumylphenyl)-2H-benzotriazole.

These data show that the instant compounds are particularly efficacious when used in thermoplastic compositions, such as poly(methyl methacrylate), even surpassing a commerical UV absorber in effectiveness. This is shown by the reduction of yellowing (ΔYI) after exposure to actinic radiation.

EXAMPLE 52 1,1-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)ethylene

An equivalent of methyl magnesium bromide/diethyl ether solution is reacted with 4,4′-dimethoxybenzophenone (24.2 g, 0.1 mol) dissolved in anhydrous diethyl ether over a 60 minute period at ambient temperature. The reaction mixture is poured onto ice and extracted with ether. The ether is removed by distillation and replaced with ethyl acetate (100 mL). The ethyl acetate solution is refluxed for one hour over anhydrous magnesium sulfate. Methylene chloride (300 mL) is added and the magnesium sulfate removed by filtration. The solvent is distilled leaving 16.9 g of the title compound as a white solid melting at 137° C. whose structure is consistent with ¹nmr and mass spectrometry.

EXAMPLE 53 2-[2-Hydroxy-3-[1,1-di(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl]-5-tert-butylphenyl]-2H-benzotriazole

Starting with the compound of Example 52 and following the general procedures of Examples 1-5, the title compound is prepared.

EXAMPLE 54-70

Following the general procedures outlined in Examples 52 and 1-5, the compounds of formula I

where G₁ is hydrogen, G₂ is hydrogen, E₂ is tert-butyl and E₁ is a group of formula IV

shown in the following table are prepared.

In the compounds in the table below, E₂₃, E₂₅, E₂₆, E₂₈, E₂₉, E₃₁ and E₃₂ are always hydrogen except as indicated. In Example 56, E₂₆, E₂₈, and E₃₂are each methyl; and in Example 58, E₂₃, E₂₅, E₂₉ and E₃₁ are each chloro.

Example E₂₂ E₂₄ E₂₇ E₃₀ 54 H allyloxy ethyl allyloxy 55 F H methyl H 56 methyl methyl n-butyl methyl 57 F F methyl H 58 H H methyl H 59 H CF₃ methyl CF₃ 60 H acetyl methyl acetyl 61 H —COOCH₃ methyl —COOCH₃ 62 H MACOO— methyl MACOO— 63 H H octadecyl StCONH— 64 H cyano methyl cyano 65 H EtNHCO— methyl EtNHCO— 66 H C₆H₅SO₂— methyl C₆H₅SO₂— 67 H CH₃S— methyl CH₃S— 68 H EtNHSO₂— methyl EtNHSO₂— 69 H OH methyl OH 70 H —COOH methyl —COOH EtNHCO— is C₂H₅NHCO—; EtNHSO₂ is C₂H₅NHSO₂; MACOO— is CH₂═C(CH₃)COO—; and StCONH— is C₁₇H₃₅CONH—.

EXAMPLE 71 2-(2-Hydroxy-3-[1,1-di(4-(2-hydroxyethoxy)phenyl)ethyl]-5-tert-butylphenyl}-2H-benzotriazole

When the compound of instant Example 69 is reacted with ethylene carbonate, the compound is prepared.

EXAMPLE 72 2-(2-Hydroxy-3-[1,1-di(4-(2-bromoethoxy)phenyl)ethyl]-5-tert-butylphenyl)}-2H-benzotriazole

When the compound of instant Example 71 is reacted with hydrobromic acid ording to the procedure given in Brown & Patai, “The Chemistry of the Hydroxyl Group”, Part 1, pages 595-622, the title compound is prepared.

EXAMPLE 73 2-{2-Hydroxy-3-[1,1-di(4-(2-phthalimidoethoxy)phenyl)-ethyl]-5-tert-butylphenyl}-2H-benzotriazole

When the compound of instant Example 72 is treated with potassium phthalimide according to Gibson & Bradshaw, Ange. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl., 7, 919-930 (1968), the title compound is prepared. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A benzotriazole compound of formula I, II or III

wherein G₁ is hydrogen or chloro, G₂ is hydrogen, cyano, perfluoroalkyl of 1 to 12 carbon atoms, halogen, —CO—G₃, —COOG₃, —CONHG₃, —CON(G₃)₂, E₃SO—, E₃SO₂—, nitro, —P(O)(C₆H₅)₂, —P(O)(OG₃)₂,

G₃ is hydrogen, straight or branched chain alkyl of 1 to 24 carbon atoms, straight or branched chain alkenyl of 2 to 18 carbon atoms, cycloalkyl of 5 to 12 carbon atoms, phenylalkyl of 7 to 15 carbon atoms, phenyl, or said phenyl or said phenylalkyl substituted on the phenyl ring by 1 to 4 alkyl of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, E₁ is a group of formula IV

 where E₂₂, E₂₃, E₂₄, E₂₅, E₂₆, E₂₈, E₂₉, E₃₀, E₃₁ and E₃₂ are independently hydrogen, halogen, straight or branched alkyl of 1 to 18 carbon atoms, alkenyl of 2 to 18 carbon atoms, said alkyl or said alkenyl substituted by one or more halogen, —OCOE₁₁, —OE₄, —NCO, —NHCOE₁₁ or —NE₇E₈ groups, or by a mixture of said groups, where E₄ is straight or branched chain alkyl of 1 to 24 carbon atoms or straight or branched chain alkenyl of 2 to 18 carbon atoms; or said alkyl or said alkenyl interrupted by one or more —O—, —NH— or —NE₄— groups or by a mixture of said groups and which can be unsubstituted or substituted by one or more —OH, —OE₄ or —NH₂ groups, or by a mixture of said groups; or E₂₂, E₂₃, E₂₄, E₂₅, E₂₆, E₂₈, E₂₉, E₃₀, E₃₁ and E₃₂ are independently phenyl, —OH, —OCOE₁₁, —OE₃₃, —NCO, —NHCOE₁₁ or —NE₇E₈, cyano, nitro, perfluoroalkyl of 1 to 12 carbon atoms, —COG₃, —COOG₃, —CON(G₃)₂, —CONHG₃, E₃S—, E₃SO—, E₃SO₂—, —P(O)(C₆H₅)₂, —P(O))OG₃)₂, —SO₂—X₁—E₃₃; X₁ is —O—, —NH— or —NE₄—; E₂₇ is alkyl of 1 to 18 carbon atoms, cycloalkyl of 5 to 12 carbon atoms or phenyl, E₃₃ is straight or branched chain alkyl of 1 to 24 carbon atoms, straight or branched chain alkenyl of 2 to 18 carbon atoms, said alkyl or said alkenyl substituted by one or more —OH, —OCOE₁₁, —OE₄, —NCO, —NHCOE₁₁, —NE₇E₈, phthalimido,

 groups or by a mixture of said groups, where E₄ is straight or branched chain alkyl of 1 to 24 carbon atoms or alkenyl of 2 to 18 carbon atoms; or said alkyl or said alkenyl interrupted by one or more —O—, —NH— or —NE₄— groups or by a mixture of said groups and which can be unsubstituted or substituted by one or more —OH, —OE₄ or —NH₂ groups, or by a mixture of said groups; or E₃₃ is phenyl or phenylalkyl of 7 to 15 carbon atoms, or said phenyl or said phenylalkyl substituted by one to three alkyl groups of 1 to 4 carbon atoms; E₂ is straight or branched alkyl chain of 1 to 24 carbon atoms, straight or branched chain alkenyl of 2 to 18 carbon atoms, cycloalkyl of 5 to 12 carbon atoms, phenylalkyl of 7 to 15 carbon atoms, phenyl, or said phenyl or said phenylalkyl substituted on the phenyl ring by one to three alkyl of 1 to 4 carbon atoms; or E₂is alkyl of 1 to 24 carbon atoms or said alkenyl of 2 to 18 carbon atoms substituted by one or more —OH, —OCOE₁₁, —OE₄, —NCO, —NH₂, —NHCOE₁₁, —NHE₄ or —N(E₄)₂ groups, or by a mixture of said groups, where E₄ is straight or branched chain alkyl of 1 to 24 carbon atoms; or said alkyl or said alkenyl interrupted by one or more —O—, —NH— or —NE₄— groups or by a mixture of said groups and which can be unsubstituted or substituted by one or more —OH, —OE₄ or —NH₂ groups or by a mixture of said groups; or E₂is a group of formula IV described above; n is 1 or 2, when n is 1, E₅is OE₆ or NE₇E₈, or E₅ is —PO(OE₁₂)₂, —OSi(E₁₁)₃ or —OCO—E₁₁, or straight or branched chain C₁-C₂₄alkyl which is interrupted by —O—, —S— or —NE₁₁ and which can be unsubstituted or substituted by —OH or —OCO—E₁₁, C₅-C₁₂ cycloalkyl which is unsubstituted or substituted by —OH, straight chain or branched C₂-C₁₈alkenyl which is unsubstituted or substituted by —OH, C₇-C₁₅aralkyl, —CH₂—CHOH—E₁₃ or glycidyl, E₆ is hydrogen, straight or branched chain C₁-C₂₄alkyl which is unsubstituted or substituted by one or more OH, OE₄ or NH₂ groups, or OE₆ is —(OCH₂CH₂)_(w)OH or —(OCH₂CH₂)_(w)OE₂₁ where w is 1 to 12 and E₂₁ is alkyl of 1 to 12 carbon atoms, E₇ and E₈ are independently hydrogen, alkyl of 1 to 18 carbon atoms, straight or branched chain C₃-C₁₈alkyl which is interrupted by —O—, —S— or —NE₁₁—, C₅-C₁₂cycloalkyl, C₆-C₁₄aryl or C₁-C₃hydroxylalkyl, or E₇ and E₈ together are alkylene of 4 to 6 carbon atoms, 3-oxapentamethylene, 3-iminopentamethylene or 3-methyliminopentamethylene, or E₅ is —X—(Z)_(p)—Y—E₁₅  wherein X is —O— or —N(E₁₆)—, Y is —O— or —N(E₁₇)—, Z is C₂-C₁₂-alkylene, C₄-C₁₂-alkylene interrupted by one to three nitrogen atoms or oxygen atoms or by a mixture of said atoms, or is C₃-C₁₂-alkylene, butenylene, butynylene, cyclohexylene or phenylene, each substituted by a hydroxyl group, m is zero, 1 or 2, p is 1, or p is also zero when X and Y are —N(E₁₆)— and —N(E₁₇)—, respectively, E₁₅ is a group —CO—C(E₁₈)═C(H)E₁₉ or, when Y is —N(E₁₇)—, forms together with E₁₇ a group —CO—CH═CH—CO—, wherein E₁₈ is hydrogen or methyl, and E₁₉ is hydrogen, methyl or —CO—X—E₂₀,

wherein E₂₀ is hydrogen, C₁-C₁₂-alkyl or a group of the formula wherein the symbols E₁, G₂, X, Z, m and p have the meanings defined above, and E₁₆ and E₁₇ independently of one another are hydrogen, C₁-C₁₂-alkyl, C₃-C₁₂-alkyl interrupted by 1 to 3 oxygen atoms, or is cyclohexyl or C₇-C₁₅aralkyl, and E₁₆ together with E₁₇ in the case where Z is ethylene, also forms ethylene, when n is 2, E₅ is one of divalent radicals —O—E₉—O— or —N(E₁₁)—E₁₀—N(E₁₁)—, E₉ is C₂-C₈alkylene, C₄-C₈alkenylene, C₄alkynylene, cyclohexylene, straight or branched chain C₄-C₁₀alkylene which is interrupted by —O— or by —CH₂-CHOH—CH₂—O—E₁₄—CH₂—CHOH—CH₂—, E₁₀ being straight or branched chain C₂-C₁₂alkylene which may be interrupted by —O—, cyclohexylene, or

or E₁₀ and E₁₁with the two nitrogen atoms form a piperazine ring, E₁₄ is straight or branched chain C₂-C₈alkylene, straight or branched chain C₄-C₁₀alkylene which is interrupted by —O—, cycloalkylene, arylene or

E₁₁, is hydrogen, straight or branched chain C₁-C₁₈alkyl, C₅-C₁₂cycloalkyl, straight or branched chain C₂-C₁₈alkenyl, C₆-C₁₄aryl or C₇-C₁₅aralkyl, E₁₂ is straight or branched chain C₁-C₁₈alkyl, straight or branched chain C₃-C₁₈alkenyl, C₅-C₁₀cycloalkyl, C₆-C₁₆aryl or C₇-C₁₅aralkyl, E₁₃ is H, straight chain or branched C₁-C₁₈alkyl which is substituted by —PO(OE₁₂)₂, phenyl which is unsubstituted or substituted by OH, C₇-C₁₅aralkyl or —CH₂OE₁₂, E₃ is alkyl of 1 to 20 carbon atoms, hydroxyalkyl of 2 to 20 carbon atoms, alkenyl of 3 to 18 carbon atoms, cycloalkyl of 5 to 12 carbon atoms, phenylalkyl of 7 to 15 carbon atoms, aryl of 6 to 10 carbon atoms or said aryl substituted by one or two alkyl of 1 to 4 carbon atoms or 1,1,2,2-tetrahydroperfluoroalkyl where the perfluoroalkyl moiety is of 6 to 16 carbon atoms, T is —SO—, —SO₂—, —SO—E—SO—, —SO₂—E—SO₂—, —CO—, —CO—CO—, —CO—CH₂—CO—, —CO—E—CO—, —COO—E—OCO— or —CO—NG₅—E—NG₅—CO—, where E is alkylene of 2 to 12 carbon atoms, cycloalkylene of 5 to 12 carbon atoms, or alkylene interrupted or terminated by cyclohexylene of 8 to 12 carbon atoms; and G₅ is G₃ or hydrogen.
 2. A compound according to claim 1 of formula I

wherein G₁ is hydrogen, G₂ is hydrogen, cyano, CF₃—, fluoro, chloro, —CO—G₃, —COOG₃ or E₃SO₂—, G₃ is straight or branched chain alkyl of 1 to 24 carbon atoms, straight or branched chain alkenyl of 2 to 18 carbon atoms, cycloalkyl of 5 to 12 carbon atoms, phenylalkyl of 7 to 15 carbon atoms, phenyl, or said phenyl or said phenylalkyl substituted on the phenyl ring by 1 to 4 alkyl of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, E₁ is a group of formula IV wherein E₂₂, E₂₃, E₂₄, E₂₅, E₂₆, E₂₈, E₂₉, E₃₀, E₃₁ and E₃₂ are hydrogen, and E₂₇ is methyl, E₂ is straight or branched alkyl chain of 1 to 24 carbon atoms, straight or branched chain alkenyl of 2 to 18 carbon atoms, cycloalkyl of 5 to 12 carbon atoms, phenylalkyl of 7 to 15 carbon atoms, phenyl, or said phenyl or said phenylalkyl substituted on the phenyl ring by 1 to 3 alkyl of 1 to 4 carbon atoms; or E₂ is said alkyl of 1 to 24 carbon atoms or said alkenyl of 2 to 18 carbon atoms substituted by one or more —OH, —OCOE₁₁, —OE₄, —NCO, —NH₂, —NHCOE₁₁, —NHE₄ or —N(E₄)₂ groups, or by a mixture of said groups, where E₄ is straight or branched chain alkyl of 1 to 24 carbon atoms; or said alkyl or said alkenyl interrupted by one or more —O—, —NH— or —NE₄— groups or by a mixture of said groups and which can be unsubstituted or substituted by one or more —OH, —OE₄ or —NH₂ groups or by a mixture of said groups, or E₂ is a group of formula IV wherein E²²E₂₃, E₂₄, E₂₅, E₂₆, E₂₈, E₂₉, E₃₀, E₃₁ and E₃₂ are hydrogen, alkyl of 1 to 12 carbon atoms, straight or branched chain alkenyl of 2 to 18 carbon atoms, OH, cyano, —OE₃₃, chloro, fluoro, —OCOE₁₁, CF₃, —COOG₃, E₃S—, E₃SO₂— or —SO₂—NH— or E₃₃; and E₂₇ is methyl, E₃ is alkyl of 1 to 20 carbon atoms, hydroxyalkyl of 2 to 20 carbon atoms, alkenyl of 3 to 18 carbon atoms, cycloalkyl of 5 to 12 carbon atoms, phenylalkyl of 7 to 15 carbon atoms, aryl of 6 to 10 carbon atoms or said aryl substituted by one or two alkyl of 1 to 4 carbon atoms or 1,1,2,2-tetrahydroperfluoroalkyl where the perfluoroalkyl moiety is of 6 to 16 carbon atoms; and wherein E₁₁ and E₃₃ are as defined above.
 3. A compound according to claim 1 which is (a) 2-[2-hydroxy-3-(1,1-diphenylethyl)-5-tert-butylphenyl]-2H-benzotriazole; (b) 5-chloro-2-[2-hydroxy-3-(1,1-diphenylethyl)-5-tert-butylphenyl]-2H-benzotriazole; or (c) 5-trifluoromethyl-2-[2-hydroxy-3-(1,1-diphenylethyl)-5-tert-octylphenyl]-2H-benzotriazole. 